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18th Century British Justice System, 2002.
A discussion of how class and poverty influenced the 18th century British criminal justice system.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the 18th century British criminal justice system as an expression of class, property and power. Douglas Hay's article "Property, Authority and Criminal Law" argues that the 18th Century British criminal justice system was based on terror and directed principally to the protection of property. Academic responses, both pro and con, are subsequently evaluated.
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British Universities in the 18th century, 1992.
An examination of British Universities in the 18th century, with a focus on Trinity College in Dublin including history, effectiveness and curricula.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The eighteenth century has gone down in memory as the Age of Enlightenment, an era of rapid intellectual development and rationalism, and more broadly, of "reasonableness" .. an interval of tranquillity after the fading of religious strife, and before the beginnings of the nationalistic and ideological struggles of modern times. England achieved stability after the turmoil of the seventeenth century, and by the later part of the century the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a world power.
One might expect, then, that the eighteenth century would have been an age of brilliance, or at least of solid achievement, in British universities. However, the contrary seems to have been the case, as reflected in both contemporary accounts and in modern scholarship. At the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the eighteenth century was a Dark Age of relatively..."
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Restoration and the 18th Century, 2004.
Provides a brief discussion of the political and social changes in 18th century England.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the period of the 18th century in England was a time of great expansion and change. It explains that England became divided politically as new parties emerged to represent its citizens. Theories of old, such as those of Aristotle, became defunct as scientists like Galileo uncovered scientific theories explaining much of life's phenomena. It also discusses how the slave trade became a staple of the national economy during the 18th century. It further examines how skeptical thinking and freethinking became important realities and people living during this time began to reason more and question more things they experienced.
From the Paper
"One major historical trend that occurred during the 18th century and restoration was the movement of thinking from philosophical to rational and scientific. The explosion in theory and thought that occurred at this time was due in part to new discoveries by individuals such as Galileo and Kepler (NAEL, 2003). People living during this century began to realize that the ideas of ancient philosophers were just that, simply ideas. Many went as far to label their ancestral thinking partners as ?ignorant? (NAEL, 2003). A ?revolution of science? (NAEL, 2003) took place during this time, which sparks new sources of interest and caused a move from traditional values amongst the people of England and particular. Greek and Roman ideals of art and beauty were still of great importance during this time, however people began moving away from the philosophies of old that deemed the ancient philosophers as all knowing. People began realizing that there was much more to the world than meets the eye."
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Rape In Britain In The Late 18th Century and Early 19th Century, 1997.
Examines legal, social, marital, literary, theoretical, moral, class and feminist issues, focusing on the views of women as possessions of men.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of rape in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The plan of the research will be to set forth the social and cultural context in which the issue achieves significance and then to discuss patterns of activity within the culture that appear to show an evolution of consciousness and priorities in the understanding of the phenomenon.
The conceptualization of rape in Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries appears to have been very much a social construction that dominated the whole of Western society, whether in England and the Empire, on the continent, or in the U.S. Thus however rape might have been perceived or experienced at the personal level, the principal social fact about the phenomenon was that it was subsidiary to more widely held views of social ..."
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Coleridge and 18th Century Poetry, 2006.
A look at how Samuel Taylor Coleridge rebelled against 18th century neo-classical poetry.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the work of poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge and explains how he rebelled substantively against Neo-classical 18th century poetic formalistic and moral traditions. The paper further points out that Coleridge was instrumental in ushering in a new era of Romantic British poetry and that he greatly influenced later British Romantics like Keats, Shelley and Byron, as well as later poets of the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Additionally, the paper points out that it was Coleridge who originated blank verse in poetry and that his work had an impact modern and post-modern poetry as well.
From the Paper
"As for subject matter, 18th century Neo-classical tradition generally concerns itself with moral values; social realities, and mainstream experiences, within not only works like Pope's The Rape of the Lock (1816), but others like Wordworth's Tintern Abbey (1798). Compared against such neo-classical works, Coleridge's Kublai Khan (1816) and Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) make use of descriptions of the sublime through nature; of sexuality, and of the unconscious, themes largely unexplored within 18th century British Neo-classical poetry."
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The British Criminal Justice System, 2001.
A discussion on the role, pros and cons of the British criminal justice system.
2,392 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the British criminal justice system with reference to statutory instruments, bills, cases and legal opinion. It looks at how the criminal justice system is considered to be one of the most imperative tools available to society for the control of anti-social behaviour and, in particular, how it needs to strike a balance between protecting the innocent and convicting the guilty. It also discusses how the system does not try to establish innocence, but whether there is enough evidence to convict and how this system has lead to many miscarriages of justice and has lead to many honourable persons to believe that a change to the inquisitorial system may prevent this.
From the Paper
"In 1993 the CPS went under a substantial change to increase efficiency. Sir Ian Glidewell stated that ' the 1993 reforms had made the CPS more bureaucratic' He believes that CPS has the potential to become a lively, successful and esteemed part of the criminal justice system. The CPS has not escaped criticism, despite its recent performance. James Hunt QC believed that if the public knew of the cost to them the taxpayer would be appalled . In 1998 the Glidewell Report heavily criticised the CPS. The key recommendations of the report were that the powers should be devolved so that the CPS would become less centralised."
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Horace, Juvenal, and 18th Century Satire, 2004.
A discussion of the distinction between Horatian and Juvenalian modes of satire as exemplified in 18th century literary writings.
4,039 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the influence of Roman satirists, Horace and Juvenal, on 18th century satire. The paper examines the differences of these two modes of satiric writing. Juvenalian satire is harsher, more pointed, and often attacks particular people with an invective attack. Horatian satire is gentler, involving raillery as opposed to railing. The paper puts both these forms of satire into context and discusses the relevant points that arise from John Dryden's text, "Discourse on Satire," in relation to the topic. The paper then analyzes examples of these modes of satire as shown in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock," which can be seen as Horatian satire, and Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," which is more Juvenalian. The paper emphasizes how neither of these two texts gives a particularly clear example of the Horatian and Juvenalian forms of satire.
From the Paper
"Echoes of the works of Roman satirists Horace and Juvenal can be found, often in combination, within various early eighteenth-century (Augustan) satirical works, including Alexander Pope's mock epic The Rape of the Lock (1714) and Jonathan Swift's essay "A Modest Proposal" (1729). Pope's The Rape of the Lock is closer, overall, in terms of its satirical tone and content, to the comparatively gentle and subtle satirical style of Horace, than to the more direct, less subtle or gentle style of Juvenal. However, Swift's "A Modest Proposal", which is neither subtle nor gentle in its social critique, is arguably closer, overall, in both content and tone to the types of works created by Juvenal. Neither work, however, is sufficiently parallel in its style, tone, content, or other characteristics, to the works of either Horace or Juvenal, to warrant its being judged either more "Horatian" or more "Juvenalian" than the other: both works contain elements of both Horatian and Juvenalian satirical styles and modes. Therefore', both Pope's and swift's works to be examined within this essay might be more accurately described as instead being combinations, or juxtapositions, of Horatian, Juvenalian, and other satirical styles; i.e., the results of miscellaneous eighteenth century influences and other influences on their respective authors as well (such as, for example, Pope's social and artistic ambitions, or Swift's acerbic wit and strong personality (Nokes (1987) 101-11; 179-84)."
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18th Century Botanical Art, 2005.
This paper traces the history of 18th century botanical art as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment scientific botanical explorations.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the exotic new plant species brought back from the many 18th century global scientific explorations created an interest by men and women in landscape gardening and gardening magazines. The author points out that the botanical illustrations originated as a help to Carolus Linnaeus' classification system, which greatly influenced the botanical art (also called linnaean art) of the era, and soon became very popular, appearing in garden magazines along with cultivation instructions and even as textile prints. The paper compares the similarities of the work of Claude Aubriet (1665-1742), the first botanical artist to be part of an expedition, with commercial textiles, noting that in both examples all the 'working parts' of the plants are depicted.
From the Paper
"A president of the Royal Society subsequent to Sloane, Sir Joseph Banks, was one of the most powerful men in the British scientific community at the time, and he commissioned or caused to be published significant numbers of botanical illustrations that would have influenced both artists in other genres and the public, still hungry for information about exotic plants. Banks was also unofficial director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, giving him yet another platform from which to influence the public taste. Banks himself had sailed with Captain Cook on the first of Cook's voyages around the world in 1768."
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18th Century English Towns and Crime, 2006.
This paper discusses the persistent association of poor areas and crime and how this notion is related to the 18th century's growth of English urban centers.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the 18th century and the rise of English towns, business and industry but also divided social classes. Urban improvement or progress greatly benefited the wealthy and segregated the poor who were much more numerous. Due to fears of public disorder, crime and criminal law came to address the lower classes and ideas of poor areas as synonymous with crime.
From the Paper
"In the early 21st century, one still sees environmental ideas of crime and criminality, in assumptions to do with inferior areas, poverty and deviance. One also notices ideas of 'progress' or development that can resemble those of the 18th century's growth of English urban centers. Notions of those who break the law continue to refer to differences of social class, the lower classes associated with crime, just as the law has been a creation of those higher up the ladder, a familiar theme in much literature on crime and criminal law in Britain."
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The Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century, 2002.
An overview of the clash between the Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the various elements that caused the rift between the Church and Scientific Revolution of the 18th century. By using examples, we can see how the Church reacted to technology and science in this period.
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18th Century France, 2003.
An examination of the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France and the attitudes regarding them held by various groups and individuals. The author also includes a discussion pertaining to natural rights and individual liberties are explored in relation to this topic.
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The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the, 2002.
This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem."
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the Odyssey.
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Education in the 18th Century, 2002.
A look at two novels dealing with the topic of education in the 18th century - a comparison of their attitudes.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Eliza Haywood and Henry Fielding both wrote 18th century novels which explored the social mores of high and low society at the time. What is intriguing is how they approached the subject of education, particularly through Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless? and Fielding?s ?Joseph Andrews and Shamela.? The differing objectives to educating the sexes are explored as well as the possible consequences of obtaining an education are proffered.
From the Paper
"Education is indirectly explored in Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless.? The heroine spends her formative years in a boarding school, ?the governess of which had the reputation of a woman of great good sense, fine breeding, and every way qualified for the well forming of the minds of those young persons who were entrusted to her care. [Her father] was so well pleased with having placed his daughter where she was likely to improve in all the accomplishments befitting her sex." (Haywood, 9) Through the misadventures of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, Haywood implies that one of the reasons why a girl should be educated would be to enhance her chances of securing a good marriage (then the only means of climbing the social ladder or attaining an accomplishment recognised by society)."
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18th Century English Interior Architecture, 2005.
This paper examines the development of interior architecture and the decorative arts in England during the 18th century.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the changes, which took place in the English country house during the 18th century. The author argues that these developments occurred as a microcosm to the rest of the nation. The paper contends that it was the confluence of classicist and romantic influences which made the interior architecture of the period so striking.
From the Paper
"The 18th century has been regarded as the epitome of the development of elegance of interior architecture throughout the Western world. Many critics believe that this century is unmatched in the history of the West with regard to the development of interior architectural styles. It is certain that during this century, perhaps more so than any other in recent historical memory, the development of interior styles was nearly without rival. Nowhere has this trend been more evidenced than in 18th century England in which the development of interior styles came head to head with various other socio-cultural forces to produce one of the most memorable periods in the history of design."
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18th Century Paris Entertainment, 2007.
An examination of the different entertainment options of the different classes in 18th century Paris.
2,362 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how in terms of entertainment, Paris had much to offer during the 18th century. It examines the most popular entertainments of the middle and upper classes, of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy at the time.
Outline:
Public and Private Balls
Opera and Ballet
Theatre
From the Paper
"Many women would occupy their mornings with reading (if they would read - illiteracy among higher class women was much higher in France than in England at the time), drawing or music. The preferred instrument among French ladies was the harpsichord. It was considered very elegant and was an ornamented piece of furniture that could occupy a room on its own with only some chairs around for the audience. Some harpsichords were masterpieces of craftsmanship and bore elaborate drawings and carved birds, flowers, lake scenes, etc. J.B. Huet was a very talented painter who painted on harpsichords during the middle of the 18th century. The music women used to play was by Francois Couperin - his first collection Suites was published in 1713. They would also play Bach and Haendel. Mozart and Vivaldi were very much appreciated. "
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