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1800's Reform Groups, 2001.
This paper explains the ideas of the women suffrage and abolitionist movements of the 1800s. A look at the goals, accomplishments and methods of the two 1800s reform groups: women suffrage and the abolitionist movements.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper fully clarifies the goals of their reform groups, how they came about accomplishing this goal, and the hardships they faced. While explaining those factors, the author also ties the two movements together to show how they potentially were fighting for the very same cause: to end the control of dominant, white men.
From the Paper
"Two very significant reform groups of the 1800?s paved the way for true freedom and equal opportunity for all Americans. Although the abolition and women suffrage groups were looked at as two different movements, they were potentially one and the same. As Lydia Child phrased it, ?Both were victims of the white man?s lust? the solution was to end [white] male tyranny? (Walters,108). They fought to merely be treated as equals under the eye of the law and the society in which they lived in, and therefore they had to end the dominant control of white men. To get this goal accomplished, the groups also used many of the same tactics as they wrote their ideas and arguments in various publications, held strikes and rebellions, and conducted many conventions and meetings. Problems in the process of reformation still formed regardless of how hard they tried, as new laws were passed, arguments in their own reform groups surfaced, and strikes failed. Through all the hardships they faced though, both groups eventually accomplished their goal."
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The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Periods, 2005.
A brief over-view of a religiously-divided Europe during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation periods.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The following paper is a brief review of the religious schism that wracked Europe, principally France and Germany, during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation periods. The paper examines how the various leaders involved responded, and what the long-term consequences of their decisions were for their respective lands. The paper also notes how the period actually strengthened the French while weakening the Holy Roman Empire.
From the Paper
"The history of modern Europe has seen its share of troubling religious divides and more than its share of religious violence. That being said, the French monarchy was initially repressive towards religious dissent but gradually assumed a more progressive approach as the sixteenth century drew to a close. In the early decades of the Sixteenth century, however, Francis I was notorious in his brutal crack-down of the emerging sixteenth century Protestantism; this persecution was ably pursued by his successor, Henri II who also took it upon himself to contest a variety of territorial holdings with the Holy Roman Empire, England and Spain. As the second half of the sixteenth century proceeded, French efforts to thwart the Protestant upheaval grew in conviction."
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Leo and the Reformation Movement, 2003.
This analytical essay looks at the issues surrounding the reformation particularly the reformation in Germany that was started by Martin Luther.
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses Pope Leo X?s role in provoking the reformation movement. It also looks into the other factors that led to the reformation and how they and Leo X?s acts, led to Martin Luther posting his 95 theses. It explains that this act started the journey to a fully reformed faith which was totally split from the Roman Catholic Church. The writer argues that while a reformation was inevitable due to the behavior practiced by the Catholic Church, particularly its senior clergy, had Leo X not instructed Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences in the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther would not have posted his 95 theses.
From the Paper
"The reformation was the splitting up of the Catholic Church and the formation of new Protestant faiths. The reformation was a long time in the making. For centuries there had been growing unrest, particularly as noblemen and kings became more powerful and independent from the Pope. Many factors brought about the reformation including the lavish lives of the clergy from the Pope down to his Bishops. In a time where not many people could read and there was a large difference between the rich and the poor, the lavish lives enjoyed by the clergy were vastly different to the pitiful lives of many members of their ?flock?. Luxuries enjoyed by priests, who had even taken vows of poverty when entering the church, led to many people getting critical of the church and its members. The Pope increasingly became a political, not spiritual, leader more interested in gold, luxuries and land than prayers and conducting the religious duties that he was ?elected? to perform. All tensions reached a climax when the Pope commanded the Papal army to siege an Italian town held by the French."
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Anti-Clericalism and Pre-Reformation England, 2007.
An analysis of the extent to which anti-clericalism contributed to an atmosphere ripe for reform in the pre-reformation (pre 1529) English Church.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.
From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "
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Timothy George's "The Theology of the Reformers", 2006.
This paper analyzes "The Theology of the Reformers" by Timothy George, which presents the lives and teachings of three great religious reformers: Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli and Menno Simons.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in his book "The Theology of the Reformers", Timothy George does not avoid presenting difficulties to believers but assists the reader in gaining faith and knowledge of God through the reformers. The author presents in detail the lives and beliefs of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwinglu, who is considered the most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation and the only major reformer of the 16th century whose movement did not evolve into a church, and Menno Simons, who is the founder of a loosely related group of Reformation believers known today as Mennonites. The paper states that all three reformers were presented in a sympathetic light; however, George does not stop from showing the reformers belligerently holding on to their divisive approaches to the sacraments, when compromise or at least temporary concession may have been better for the church at large.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Martin Luther
Huldrych Zwingli
Menno Simons
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Martin Luther was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luder on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptized the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours. Luther's call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, culminating at the Council of Trent."
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Russia and China?s Economic Reform, 2005.
Compares Russia and China's economic reform in the 1990's.
4,520 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the economic reforms and the results of those reforms of both Russia and China during the 1990s and analyzes why Russia's economy has made a dismal performance whereas China's has emerged successful. The paper explains that Russia tried a "shock" approach to economic reforms, while China took a more gradual approach to reforms and, perhaps this fundamental difference in approach is the primary reason that one country has done well while the other has suffered. The paper also consider the historical conditions of each country and how these conditions influenced the outcome of the economic reforms as well as how the differences in the allocation of resources affected the economic reforms and their outcome.
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ever since the beginning of 1990s, the attention of the world has been concentrated on the persistently emerging relationship between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Much has been authored on the costs and benefits of such relationship and the prevailing analysis already tends to support China as one of the dominating states to come out in the coming decades in comparison to Russia. (Russia and China: Business Partners, Weary Neighbors) Hopefulness over the market restructuring of Russia wiped out with the crash of August 1998, when the ruble depreciated by 70 percent of its value and banks could not settle the debts and endorse currency contracts. In contradiction to the reform assurances by Yeltsin, the Russian economy of the 1990s more closely resembled a Soviet model than a market driven one. (The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia) "
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Choice-based Education Reform, 2005.
This paper discusses choice-based education reform designed to ensure that under-privileged individuals receive a good education.
5,660 words (approx. 22.6 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the most promising systemic educational reform plan involves school choice, a school system that allows parents to select which school their children attend, thus giving parents the freedom to move their children out of ineffective schools while at the same time motivating the ineffective schools to improve. The author stresses that the government should only open the school choice program to families who 1) demonstrate economic need and 2) whose children would be assigned to an inadequate public school. The paper states that an effective educational system based on choice must include religious schools among the choice options.
Table of Contents
The Significance of Education
School Reform Efforts
School Finance Reform
Reform Plans Involving Forms of School Choice
Inter-district Transfer Plans and Controlled Choice
School Choice Systems in Milwaukee and Cleveland
Barriers to Choice-based Education Reform
Legal Obstacles to School Choice
A Pyrrhic Desegregation Policy
Political Barriers to School Reform
Conclusion: Constructing a Feasible School Choice System
Overcoming Legal Barriers
Religious "Choice" Schools
Designing a School Choice System
Targeted Participation
Maximum Number of Available Options
Funding School Choice
The Choice Process
Evaluating a School Choice System
From the Paper
"Ironically, reform efforts to ensure equal educational opportunity have faced opposition from interests pursuing a strict desegregation enforcement policy. Some of these proponents of a strict desegregation policy have confused the means with the ends in providing for equal education through the desegregation doctrine established in Brown. The reasoning by the Court in "Brown" implied that the purpose of integration was to ensure that racial minorities received an equal educational opportunity: "We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities?" This implies that equal "tangible" factors are necessary elements of an equal educational opportunity."
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Martin Luther: Reformer or Revolutionary, 2001.
An analysis of the humble beginnings of the Protestant Reformation led by religious reformer, Martin Luther.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life and times of Martin Luther that led to a reform movement being swept across the world. It examines Luther's relationship with the Pope and Catholicism which eventually lead to the split.
From the Paper
"It has seldom happened that the story of one man was essentially the history of a great movement in human progress. Martin Luther was often referred to as the monk whose words were ?half-battles?, was superior among the reformers, and in general stands for the Reformation itself. But recognition of Luther?s dominating position and representation should not make us ignore the other factors in the religious revolution, which was the achievement not of one man, but of advancing generations with many leaders."
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Tort Reform, 2002.
Explores President George W. Bush's tort reform attempts in the White House.
1,086 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
President Bush came into the White House with a history as a ?tort reformer.? True to his record, the President backed a ?tort reform? bill that was passed by the House of Representatives but floundered in a Democratic controlled Senate. The President has recently renewed his call for the legislature to approve a tort reform bill that relates mainly to medical malpractice. It remains to be seen whether President Bush is successful in getting his proposals approved this time around as debate still rages among the supporters and opponents of the reform bill. This paper looks at the pros and cons of the issue. The paper includes a summary of the proposed public policy on tort reform, an examination of the impact of the policy (who shall be affected?), as well as the lobbying efforts in favor of and against the tort reforms.
From the Paper
"As for the lowering of health costs and insurance premiums, it is a contentious issue with both the opponents and supporters of the tort reforms holding widely divergent views. While the government contends that such reforms would reduce Federal government costs by at least $28 billion per year and cut health care costs for all Americans by $60 billion or more, the opponents argue that since medical malpractice premiums comprise only 0.59 % of national health care costs such tort reforms would have a very limited effect on health care costs. They also argue that ?insurance reforms? rather than ?tort reforms? are needed for lowering insurance premiums and quote the example of California where after implementation of medical malpractice reform, malpractice premiums increased 190 %. (?Tort Reform is not a Solution..?)"
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Welfare Reform, 2002.
An examination of the effectiveness of welfare reforms in the Philadelphia area.
4,617 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how when the idea of welfare reform first took hold a few years ago many states jumped at the chance to implement its practices. It looks at how they hoped that by adopting and implementing welfare reform they could improve the financial situation their current system was in as well as improve the lives of those who were welfare participants. It shows how urban areas faced different challenges than rural areas when it came to welfare reform and how those challenges sometimes caused the participants to fall through the cracks of the system and be lost. In particular, it discusses one major metropolitan area that has implemented welfare reform policies, Philadelphia. It evaluates how the reforms that were implemented since 1997 in Philadelphia outline several mandates that must be followed or the recipient faces the loss not only of their benefits but the eventual loss of their family?s benefits as well. It analyzes whether five years on, these reforms have been effective and the effect they have had on the poverty stricken families in the Philadelphia area.
Outline
Statement of the problem
Definition of terms
Literature Review
Methodology
Data Collection
Future Use of Results
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For many years the poverty stricken families in the Philadelphia area turned to welfare for their needs. The lack of housing and jobs and training caused them to become dependant on the system. As children grew up watching the adults model life on the welfare roles the children then applied as soon as they became adults without even trying to establish an independent welfare free life. The multigenerational welfare families were stuck in a vicious circle that seemed difficult to tackle(Welfare, 1997). The welfare reform mandates and guidelines were implemented to cap the number of years a family could remain dependant on the system."
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State and Local Campaign Finance Reform in California, 2002.
This paper discusses the history of campaign finance reform in California and some of the laws enacted relating to campaign finance reform.
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the laws passed in California regarding campaign finance reform, the intended purpose of those laws and the results they have had on campaign finance.
From the Paper
"The current campaign finance system at the federal, state and local level undermines our democracy. Every day brings new revelations about wealthy contributors buying political access and favors. Voters are frustrated with a system in which their voices are drowned out by special interests. The governments of the United States - whether Washington, Sacramento at the state or, local city hall - must be accountable to the people as a whole."
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Welfare Reform, 2004.
A look at the impact of welfare reform on the United States.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how welfare reform in the United States will ultimately have largely negative economic, social, and political repercussions. It investigates four important areas impacted by welfare reform, politics, the economy, business and management and consumers, investors, and taxpayers. Each area is examined in turn, and both the positive and negative impacts of welfare reform are discussed in relation to each of the four areas. Finally, a number of recommendations for welfare reform in the United States are given based on the discussion.
Outline
Introduction
Welfare Reform
Political Aspects
Economic Aspects
Business and Management Aspects
Consumers, Investors and Taxpayer Aspects
Recommendations for Welfare Reform
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Welfare reform has a wide number of political aspects. The act of reducing the welfare rolls may have important consequences for the political makeup of a nation. For many years, the United States has moved away from a true model of laissez-faire capitalism, toward a model of capitalism tempered by many socialist ideals. Certainly, the introduction of programs like Medicare and welfare represents a political step toward many socialist ideals. As such, any discussion of welfare reform must also focus on the impact of such reform on the political makeup of the nation."
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Educational Reform in the Global Community, 2005.
A discussion regarding education reform and society in the global community.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses reform related to education in the global community. The paper focuses on the attempts of eleven countries, spanning five continents that have attempted educational reform in the past several decades. This paper then further pinpoints the issues that surround the educational reform, the problems that it attempts to address, and the results of the reform in comparison with the other countries investigated. The paper is significant in educational research because it develops a pattern of global reform that should be addressed within countries that are developing educational reform systems.
From the Paper
"Although the twenty-first century possesses great aspirations for students that dream of changing the world, educational systems across the continents often do not have the ability to assist with such intentions, and are struggling within society to implement educational reform. Often the complication lies in the ability of the social structure to be made aware of the difficulties that exist in education, or it is society's disenchantment with systems that were long contended as unchangeable that led to a dormancy in action to reform the methods that are devised to provide public education. However, the research indicates that battles are being waged across the globe to instill educational systems that will meet the needs of the children of today within the global community, and prepare a framework for the progress of education in the future."
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Reform of Catholic Church in 16th Century, 1999.
Causes & effects of reform and impact of the Protestant Reformation, looking at leadership, major issues, power of the pope and politics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" From a Catholic viewpoint, the Protestant Reformation proved positive in the long-run. By the end of the middle ages, the Catholic Church was already experiencing the fruit of much needed reform within its own household albeit this movement had not been officially sanctioned by the papacy. The possibility exists that had there been no Martin Luther, the Church itself would have eventually cleaned house. In some respects, the Protestant Reformation merely hastened the development of the Catholic Church's own reform.
The nature of spiritual renewal within the Catholic Church during the sixteenth century developed in two stages. It began within the Church as part of the widespread reforming movement, aroused by the abuses of the time, which in some countries led to the growth of Protestantism: "The lure that drew Luther into.."
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Security Council Reform, 2007.
An analysis of the proposed reforms for the United Nations security council.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the debate over the need for reform of the United Nations (UN) security council. It provides a history of the security council and discusses the proposed reforms. The paper argues that security council reform is both necessary and yet unlikely for the foreseeable future given the conflicting national interests of the current Veto-holding permanent members of the security council.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Origins and Structure of the Security Council
The Current Reform Proposals
Two-Track Reform and the Resistance to Change
From the Paper
"In general, there exist two tracks or reform paths that are currently being pursued at the international level. The first of these is a proposal by the Group of Four (G4) countries (Japan, Germany, Brazil and India) that would give them, along with two African nations, permanent seats at the Security Council, with three new rotating memberships. This would expand the total membership of the Security Council to 25. The second was the more vague proposal, made by the Secretary Generals Panel of Eminent Persons in 2005, that did not endorse a specific plan but rather two general options for reform: (1) increasing the number of permanent and non-permanent members; or (2) enlarging the Council only with non-permanent members, but whose terms are longer than the current two year limit and who have the capacity to run for re-election (Crook 2005; Forman 2005)."
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