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Health and Environmental Risks of Genetic Engineering in Food, 2002.
This paper discusses the changes in the field of genetic food engineering.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how technological advances have changed the field of genetic engineering, with special emphasis placed on the field of food. The author gives a brief history of the field of genetic engineering and its evolution over the years. The paper discusses the importance of plants in developing food for humans and details how scientists have worked to perfect this process. The many different problems that have arisen from genetic engineering are detailed, and the author also details some suggestions that may help prevent these problems from recurring, including tighter regulations by the FDA. The author feels that if there was more government intervention then the advantages would begin to outweigh the disadvantages in this growing field.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering in plant species, meanwhile, is encouraged and has been in practice for many years. The process of modifying a plant?s genetic make-up is encouraged because these kinds of study and process helps in providing new means by which people can obtain food, since plants are the primary source of food that humans consume. In order to make plants efficient in their food production, scientists have found ways by which particular plant specie will acquire a characteristic that will make the newly developed plant superior or better than its ?parent? specie. The modifications commonly used in genetic engineering of plants are the increasing variety of rice grains, wherein certain plants or crops are described as immune to pests or any kind of diseases, has greater life and not susceptible to certain afflictions that destroys plant life and development, and are more adaptive to several conditions such as changes in climate, soil type, or fertilizers used."
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Scientific Method and the Earthworm, 2002.
This paper explains the scientific method, the role of Rene Descartes in science and scientific information about the earthworm and then concludes with an elementary school project.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper commences by discussing, in detail and in a style that is easy to understand, the six steps of the scientific method. The next section of the paper presents Rene Descartes, mathematician and author of a text on physiology and psychology. Next, the author presents a detailed discussion of the earthworm. He designs an elementary education experiment project that uses the scientific method on earthworm segmentation. The author concludes that the earthworm is fascinating to watch as it moves and wiggles.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes was a believer in the scientific method. His works often disagreed with the Catholic churches. He had a commitment to the scientific method with a vast array of other subjects. Mathematics was his greatest interest. Descartes wrote a text on physiology and psychology. He said that emotion was finally the physiological base and argued that the control of the physical expression of emotions controlled the emotions "
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Making Blood Transfusions Safe, 2002.
A look at the new procedure for safer blood transfusions.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper studies how science and medicine have combined to make the process of a blood transfusion both safer and less necessary. The paper looks at dangers involved with blood transfusions, and introduces a new procedure that should improve the safety of transfusing blood. The workings of the procedure are explained and its strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. It then moves on to other measures that can be taken, in making blood transfusions safer. It also deals with the use of these developments to Jehovah's Witnesses.
From the Paper
"Blood transfusions can save a person?s life, but if the blood is not carefully checked for impurities such as the HIV virus, the transfusion can also take someone?s life. However, a new procedure may help virtually eliminate any risk of contamination of transfusion blood by viruses such as HIV. Essentially, a chemical has been developed by scientists in California which, when exposed to ultraviolet light, binds to the genetic material in blood and the resulting bonds ?prevent the two strands of DNA?s double helix from unzipping, thereby preventing germs from replicating.? (Pollack 1)"
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Reintroduction of the Wolf into the Southwest U.S., 2002.
An analysis of America's policy of reintroducing wolves into the Southwest United States.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper outlines a background to wolves in general and to their presence in the U.S.A. in particular. The paper raises the argument of those for and against the reintroduction of the wolf into the wild. It discusses the issues of their part in the natural eco system as well as their wildness and man's fear thereof.
From the Paper
"Wolves (Canis Lupis) have always sat on the threshold of man?s life, from the earliest times man and wolf came together and soon the wolf was domesticated into the dog, however there has always been the wolf, that strong noble creature that runs in packs and is the legend of nightmares for farmers, hunters and travellers alike. Yet despite the bad press wolves have had since man became civilized and stopped feeding the wolves his scraps, they have continually been present within our lives, sadly this presence has been diminished."
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The Phylogeny of Mankind, 2002.
A study on the evolution of man.
614 words (approx. 2.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This concise paper looks at the evolution of man from the earliest Australopithecus through to the three branches of the ?family tree? to the dead end species of neanderthalensis, and finally to modern homo sapiens.The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"My phylogeny begins with the base species of Ardipithecus ramidus (sometimes known as Australopithecus ramidus) is the earliest known fossil of a hominid found, dating back to around 4.5 million years ago (mya) small hominid that stood upright, had teeth and skull closer and similar to that of apes, this gives them a closer lineage to those of chimpanzees than to humans."
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Therapeutic Cloning: Artificial Life Made Possible, 2002.
A study of the development of therapeutic cloning.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper traces the recent and forecasted implementation of therapeutic cloning. The second part of the paper explores the ethical, legal and religious controversy in creating a human replication.
From the Paper
"Advanced technology has allowed human to secure the genetic information found on cells to generate the replication of organism?s tissue and use it for cloning. Therapeutic cloning is believed to be the breakthrough in medical advancement to recover people with such disease and also develop tissue from the contained information of the genes in the stem cells that allow people to experience genetic defects correction and tissue or organ transplant. However, until now this issue has been in serious debate regarding the ethical, legal, and religious controversy in creating a human replication, which is against nature. As more consideration emerges, this debate is also carried out nationally and internationally, requiring more regulations applied for cloning research and application."
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The Foothill Yellow-legged Frog, 2002.
A study of this amphibian, otherwise known as "Rana boylii sierrae camp".
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by listing the frog?s external characteristics and order of taxonomy. It continues to describe its physiology. It studies the behavior of the frog, dividing this topic up into behavior (including a look at its biological clock), learned behavior and social behavior. The paper includes a picture of the frog.
From the Paper
"Rana boylii sierrae Camp. or foothill yellow-legged frog is found mostly in rivers and riverbanks, hiding around the rocks or emerges for sunlight. Ashton et al. writes that the species is morphologically identified in about 37.2 - 82.0 mm adult size, with dark and light gray dorsal color with some brown or red spots, much vague in the juvenile appearance. It is described that Rana boylii has ?rough skin, inconspicuous tympanum, horizontal pupils, fully webbed hind feet, poorly developed dorsal lateral folds, lack of dorsal stripe, and lack of black eye mask.?
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Personal Perception, 2002.
An analysis of an experiment about people "learning" to see certain objects in a certain way and how perception is an individual thing for everyone.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This research investigates the ways in which individuals ?learn? to see certain objects. Despite our common-sense understanding of perception as being biologically based, in fact a number of experiments have demonstrated that we ?learn? to see objects due to situational cues including color. However, not all individuals learn to distinguish objects on a visual basis in the same way due to differences in both perceptual and cognitive abilities. Moreover, some skills that might seem to be cognitively grouped are not. This experiment, in which subjects are asked to arrange objects in a hierarchical fashion, attempts to ascertain the influences that various factors have on the perception of objects.
From the Paper
"While we may believe that we perceive different attributes of objects in dependently from one another, this is not in fact the case. For example, the color of an object ?bleeds? over into our perceptions of its weight. This is true even when subjects though the subjects in this experiment clearly understood, as do the rest of us, that color and weight are independent properties of each other. Nevertheless, humans have a tendency to conflate color with other attributes even as they simultaneously understand that such attributes are independent of each other."
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The Ecosystem of Mono Lake, 2002.
A paper which introduces the term 'ecosystem' and studies the ecosystem of Mono Lake, California.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the term ecosystem as an area which includes all the living organisms, their physical surroundings, and the natural cycles that sustain them. It also gives several examples of ecosystems such as forests. The paper then studies the ecosystem of Mono Lake in California. It covers issues such as tools used to study the ecosystem, the biogeography of the area, plants and animals of the area, the food web, water recycling and the human impact.
From the Paper
"For at least the last 5,500 years, Paiute Indians have lived off the land and waters of the Mono Basin. Using shallow skimming baskets, Kutzadika?a Paiute women collected kutsavi, the pupae of alkali flies?an excellent source of protein. The arrival of miners and those who supplied them with food, clothing, and other goods brought the peaceful coexistence of the Kutzadika?a with their surroundings to a rapid end.
Settlements of gold miners came and went quickly in the last half of the 19th century. With the collapse of mining in the 1880s, Mono Lake began its irregular career as a resort destination. As late as the 1930s, hotels attracted tourists to the lake by claiming its waters had healing properties. Until the 1950s, excursion boats sometimes ferried tourists to the islands for hiking and picnics."
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The Ethics of Cloning, 2002.
A study of the ethical and potentially profitable issues surrounding mammalian cloning.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the two topics of debate which have sprung up since mammalian cloning made headlines - whether cloning is ethically correct, and whether it can become a profitable business. The paper shows how the two sets of questions have in the intervening five years become more and more tightly bound together, especially as the process of mammalian cloning has proved to be more technically difficult than once assumed. Faced with scores of maimed and partial individuals preceding each healthy clone, many scientists and many of those outside the scientific community have spent a great deal of time wondering whether it is ethical to go forward with such research ? aside from the practical questions of whether cloning could ever become economically viable.
From the Paper
"Even those who wholeheartedly support cloning are in general morally opposed to the cloning of entire human individuals. Such an action is seen to violate some of our most deeply held beliefs about the sacredness and uniqueness of the individual. As a result, most cloning research today is focused on creating and then harvesting stem cells that might then be induced to grow into what are essentially spare parts. Thus a person who is blind might have new corneas grown for him while the diabetic might have a new pancreas grown for her."
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Experimentation on Animals, 2002.
A paper arguing against the use of medical experiments on animals.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that despite the many tests being done on animals in the name of medicine, not many are applicable to human beings. The paper covers reasons why experiments should not be carried out on animals - mostly due to the cruelty and inhumanity of the issue. It offers alternative solutions to medical studies such as computer simulation instead of animal vivisection.
From the Paper
"There are various experiments that have indicated that animal testing and experimentation do not give the same results as those that may be seen on humans. As humans became more finely tuned and evolved, they lost their resistance and become more susceptible to impurities and infections than animals. To wit: in the1940s, human clinical investigation strongly indicated that asbestos caused cancer, animal studies repeatedly failed to demonstrate this; studies of human patients had already shown by 1963 a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, however almost all experimental efforts to produce lung cancer in animals had failed (Cohen, Kaufman, Ruttenberg, Fano, 1998). "
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The Role of Color Vision in Cockatiel Behavior, 2002.
A look at color vision in cockatiels and the role it plays in cockatiel behavior.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses color vision in cockatiels. A clinical trial is conducted to determine the presence or absence of color vision in cockatiels. Habitat and social behavior of the cockatiel is discussed, including the role that color vision plays in that behavior.
From the Paper
"Birds communicate with each other and with the world around them mainly through hearing and vision. Because of this, birds? sight and hearing are their most important ? and most sensitive ? senses. Birds? sense of smell and taste are poorly developed in comparison to humans?. This experiment is designed to examine the ways in which birds see colors and how this is useful to their survival."
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DNA and Aging, 2002.
This paper looks at the effect of DNA on the human body.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role that DNA plays in the aging process. The author looks at several studies that have been conducted over the years that look at how different types of drugs and disease affect the aging process. Some of the studies involved a look at such issues as cholesterol and the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs on both the human and animal populations. The paper also looks at Vitamin K, the loss of DNA from the human heart as a person ages, how a person's alcohol and tobacco use affect their longevity. In all of these cases, the paper looks at both the male and female populations in order to illustrate how all of these different aspects affect an individual's DNA and as a result, their life expectancy.
From the Paper
"The third category, accretional defects, results from the accumulation of waste materials composed of nonfunctioning of poorly functioning parts of the body system during aging. These involve the liver and kidneys. The human liver must absorb 70% of the dysfunction before they appear in routine blood tests (Strehler), since it is one of the many jobs of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood. (Bilirubin is a natural by-product of red blood cells at the end of their life cycle.) A high-level bilirubin translates into jaundice and is harmful to the brain if high levels accumulate in the blood. But if the liver?s own removal cells are malfunctioning, bilirubin accumulates in the blood and damages the person?s overall health. (Strehler). The kidneys are even hardier : 90% of them must sustain the damage and be damaged themselves before abnormalities are detected in blood tests of kidney function (Strehler). This means a person may have kidney trouble for many years without knowing it, only until his or her kidneys are 90% damaged, during which the signs of illness begin to show."
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The Black Bear, 2002.
A complete description of the black bear, the smallest member of the bear family, and its scarce existence in the United States.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of the black bear's reappearance in the state of New Jersey. It gives a description of the bear's eating and hunting habits and looks at the problem of poaching and extinction facing this species. The paper describes the growth pattern the bears follow, its reproduction rate and relation to its offspring. It also looks at wildlife control problems facing the authorities.
From the Paper
"The black bear, ursus americanus, has made a comeback in the state of New Jersey. The black bear is the smallest and most widely distributed member of the bear family. (Barker 143) It has several color phases and is usually black and shiny. Their weight normally is about 200 to 300 pounds, although 600-pound specimens have been reported. Their total length is 4 ? to 6 ? feet. The male is solitary most of the year, but during mating season, he may choose one or more females to be with. The cubs are born in January or February while the mother is hibernating. Usually two cubs are in a litter but sometimes only one is born and, as many as five can be born, which is rare."
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The Climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, 2002.
A discussion of the climate of the U.S.A. and Canada, with respect to climate classifications, its effects on farming and other activities.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how climate governs the entire ecological structure of the planet earth. The author examines how climate, in relation to the topography and latitudinal location, determines the vegetative types, the hydrology, soil, agriculture and various human activities.
From the Paper
?Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year averages to define climatological "normals" for these various features. Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked. Many factors, such as topography, proximity to large bodies of water, and latitude affect a particular location's long-term climate. It is important to note that because a region's climatology is a 30-year average, significant year to year variability is likely. For example, a particular location may have a dry, warm winter one year and a record snowfall the next year.?
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