| Papers [661-675] of 1889 :: [Page 45 of 126] | | Go to page : <— 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 —> | |
|
|
Animal Experimentation, 2002.
This paper discusses the problems of cruelty to animals through animal experimentation.
515 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 18.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper states that about 20 million animals are cruelly killed per year for product testing. The author feels that alternative means of testing can be used.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Death and Injury Rate
Drug Testing
Horror in the Lab
Tests Performed
Alternatives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It?s hard to imagine the cruelty some animals are subjected to during experimentation. Last year, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a researcher was videotaped ?using scissors to cut the heads off conscious, unanaesthetized animals before removing their brains (Heyde, 2002).? The researcher admitted doing it for convenience, though it violated university protocol."
| |
|
America's Secret War, 2002.
A review of the book "Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War" by Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad about the potential threat of chemical warfare .
1,649 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the book "Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War" and analyzes the authors' theory that there is a real threat in the near future of something that will be the poor man?s hydrogen bomb i.e. chemical warfare. The paper begins with a chronological history of germ warfare in the past, looks at the potential threat and discusses security issues and the devastation that would be caused by such an attack.
From the Paper
"The issue was brought back to the forefront when Saddam Hussein began to promote the manufacture and use of germ warfare against its enemies, both real and perceived. The book also details significant details about the program that was being conducted in the former Soviet Union concerning germ warfare. At its peak according to the authors the program employed thousands of scientists who developed pathogens that were bio-engineered in mass quantity for the purpose of war."
| |
|
Altruism in Biology, 2002.
A discussion of the concept of "altruism" within the context of biology.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the phenomenon of "altruism" among humans and animals. Altruism is defined as behavior by an organism that may be to its disadvantage but is to the advantage of others of its kind. The question of why organisms behave in this manner is the focus of this paper. Various research works in this field are detailed, shedding light on why altruistic behavior is manifested in the animal kingdom and why altruistic behavior is undertaken intentionally in the human world.
From the Paper
"The subject has been much studied to ascertain why animals and humans alike behave in an altruistic fashion, given the selfish power of the genetic predisposition toward self-protection. Research has been conducted to identify behaviors which might be considered altruistic and then to determine whether they are truly altruistic or instead offer some benefit to the organism that may not be readily apparent. Different ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications for solving moral dilemmas. A moral dilemma occurs when an individual has to face a choice between two different ethical solutions, solutions that are contradictory. Our society depends on a sense of morality as part of the normative structure of the citizenry, and the normative structure is what we accept as a minimum of shared understanding of what is moral, serving thus as a guide to our behavior and to our judgment about the behavior of others. A moral dilemma tests our definitions and our resolve to find ways of balancing competing interests. Altruistic behavior in some ways challenges this structure by being behavior without evident reward, though it may be an example of a normative behavior. Some theorists consider altruism as having a genetic basis, while others see it as a social construct and as a norm imposed by society. Still others consider the psychological implications for such behavior seek reasons for altruistic behavior in human psychology."
| |
|
An Argument on Cloning and Patents, 2002.
Addresses the question whether the patent for the cloning process, currently awaiting approval in the U.S. patent office, covers human cloning in its definition.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses whether the cloning procedure can be patented. The arguments of those who claim that current patent law may include humans, and those opposing this claim, are presented. The legal issues facing the U.S. Patent and Trade Office are outlined.
From the Paper
"An article published in the New York Times, on May 17, 2002, entitled ?Debate on Human Cloning Turns to Patents? presents both sides of an issue raised over whether a patent request, currently in the US patent office, covers human cloning in its definition. The article presents both sides of the issue. The author himself takes no position, but only presents the arguments presented on both sides of the issue. Neither side presents a clear, well supported, independent argument or dependent argument. They both rely on pseudoarguments to make their appeals.
The two opposing positions can be summarized as follows. The pro-cloning patent side, who coincidentally are the inventors of the procedure in question, argue that they wish to hold the patent so that no one actually uses it for humans. Currently the procedure is only being used for pigs (Pollack, 2002). . They argue the fine points of the language, in that it covers all ?mammals? and humans are mammals. Their logic is that if the patent covers mammals, and humans are mammals, then the patent covers humans. This is a dependent argument, but is not clearly supported. Previous patents on cloning specifically excluded cloning humans, this one did not. It specifically mentions the use of human eggs."
| |
|
Stem Cells, 2002.
An examination of the ethical debate of whether to use stem cells for research.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper gives a brief description of what stem cells are and how they may be used in scientific research. Recent studies show that stem cells may hold the key to discovering a cure for many mysterious diseases, including Parkinson?s and Alzheimer?s. But the moral issues remain intact, despite the obvious positive consequences. The core of the stem cell debate is a battle over abortion, as stem cells come from embryos. This paper discusses both sides of the debate and looks at government intervention.
From the Paper
"For pro-life advocates, the moral costs of the research far outweigh any potential benefits. For scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. But to turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. "
| |
|
Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring", 2002.
A review of how the work "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson influenced environmental ideas and actions.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 104.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper looks at the influence of the book on the ban of the use of DDT, and how it spurred revolutionary changes in the laws that have been destroying air, land and water of this planet. The initiation of the environmental movement is explored in relation to the book and the development of this movement is traced.
From the Paper
"Seldom there have been incidents in the history of mankind that a single book has managed to alter the path of history, but Silent Spring written by Rachel Carson did precisely that. The book forced the ban on the use of DDT, after its publication in 1962, and spurred revolutionary changes in the laws that have been destroying air, land, and water of this planet. The obsessive concern of Carson for the future of this planet and the humanity that has been living for billions of years, echoed forcefully throughout the world, as her expressive book has been influential in the initiation of the environmental movement (2)."
| |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of ?In Vitro? Fertilization, 2002.
An examination on the positive and negative effects of ?In Vitro? fertilization.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding 'In Vitro' fertilization. It describes what it is medically, who is eligible for this treatment, and the legal ramification of conceiving a child outside the biological uterus. The author writes that IVF often causes birth defects in children.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization
Causes of Infertility
Indicators for IVF (in vitro fertilization)
Steps in the IVF Treatment
Positive and Negative Effects of IVF Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In vitro treatment is often used as an infertility treatment because ?IVF offers couples who cannot have children naturally? a chance of having a baby? and even though fertilization takes place outside the woman?s body, the couple will still experience the process of natural pregnancy and conception, as well as the opportunity to conceive their own child. In vitro fertilization also prevents the problem of custody over a child that usually happens when couples adopt or subsist to surrogacy, wherein the child was conceived in another woman?s womb (fertility Confidential 2001). These problems are not only legally demanding, but also emotionally straining to couples that have used these measures to have their own child."
| |
|
Infant Physical Development, 2002.
This paper discusses the month-by-month physical development of infants.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Physical growth rates among infants vary greatly; therefore parents should not compare the physical growth of their infants with that of another child believes the author of this paper. The author also believes that physical development or maturity (maturation) cannot be taught to an infant but rather is dependent on the development of the baby?s muscles and bones.
Tables of Contents
General Appearance
Infant Skin
Movement and Mobility
Strength
Bones
Physical Development
From the Paper
"During the study of physical development of infants, it was found that the growth in all infants is not always the same. Babies grow at his or her own rate and learn things according to his or her own capabilities and environment. It is therefore advisable to the parents to not to compare the growth of their infants with that of the other as the growth rate among children vary to a considerable extent."
| |
|
Osteoporosis, 2002.
A study of the deadly disease Osteoporosis.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the bone disease Osteoporosis that often effects elderly people. The paper describes the condition and the effects on the body, which can cause a simple bone fracture to be life threatening. The author of this paper discusses nutrition and exercise to prevent the onset of Osteoporosis.
Table of Contents
1. What is Osteoporosis?
2. Who does Osteoporosis affect?
3. What Causes Osteoporosis?
4. Is Osteoporosis Preventable?
5. Is there a cure for osteoporosis?
6. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones. More specifically, osteoporosis refers to the condition of thinning, weakening bones resulting from a calcium deficiency. The skeletal system serves two central purposes. First, it provides structural support for the organs and muscles of the body. Second, the skeletal system acts as a depository for the body's calcium and other essential minerals, such as phosphorus and magnesium. The skeleton is very important, as it holds 99% of the body's calcium. Bone tissue, like the body's other organs, is persistently being broken down and renewed again. "
| |
|
The Ancestry of Man, 2002.
This paper looks at the evolution of man up until modern man.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
An examination of the evolution of man from the earliest Australopithecus through to the three branches of the ?family tree? to the dead end species of neanderthalensis and finally to modern homo sapiens. Anatomically modern man did not just spring up from nowhere, he comes from a long line of hominids that extends back many millions of years. The author discusses evidence such as tool types including social structures and the development of language.
From the Paper
"Other diverse aspects that mark differences between the Australopithecines and Homo habilis are possible social organizations and the aspect of communication through language, however these diverse changes were still beginning and therefore were not as organized or developed as compared to those of Homo sapiens.
The Homo Erectus followed the Handy man it can be seen by the later too types and development of this hominid that new ideas and understandings were being developed which leads archaeologists to realise that as with the evolutionary changes to physiology and skeletal frames the brain case was changing and developing the human mind."
| |
|
Chemotherapy, 2002.
A study of chemotherapy - its side effects and its use as a treatment for cancer.
1,731 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the various forms of chemotherapy. The paper describes the different possible side effects of chemotherapy, outlining short term and long term side effects.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a disease of the body's cells. Cells in all the tissues and organs of the body constantly grow and divide to swap old and damaged cells and maintain the health of the body. Normally, all cells divide and reproduce themselves in a systematic and controlled manner. In cancer, however, some cells keep dividing without proper control, forming a lump (which is called a tumor). In leukemia, too many white blood cells are formed. Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells (including leukemia?s and lymphomas). There are over 50 different chemotherapy drugs and some are given on their own, but often numerous drugs may be combined (this is known as combination chemotherapy). The type of treatment one are given for ones cancer depends on many things, particularly the type of disease one have, where in the body it started, what the cancer cells look like under the microscope and how far they have spread, if at all."
| |
|
A Survey of Algae Species Used in Artemia Culture, 2002.
A history of the cultivation of Artemia culture.
2,975 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
An insight into the history of Artemia cultivation (shrimp production) including an explanation of different types and analysis of the ideal conditions for their breeding.
From the Paper
"Prior to 1950 mariculture involved trapping baby fish and shrimps during high tides in ponds with gates built on mudflats. Many years of research have led to improved and more efficient systems. Now, most oyster, mussel, shrimp and seaweed culture are of semi-intensive type. This has been accomplished by artificial breeding of superior stock. Artificial feed has been developed to maximize health and growth. Many improvements have been made in the health and management of shrimp and other cultured species (FAO, 1999). This has been largely due to an increasingly larger demand. In 1997, approximately 50% of all mariculture is preformed by way of mudflat culture in which a building is built in a pond in a mudflat. This is used for artemia as well as fish (FAO, 1999). "
| |
|
Should Genetically Modified Foods be Banned?, 2002.
A report on genetically modified foods and the conflicting opinions regarding their safety.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This research demonstrates that not enough reliable evidence exists about the effects of Genetically Modified Foods to determine that they are safe. The writer claims that genetically modified foods should be banned until further testing, better evaluation methods, and valid studies on their safety and long term effects can be studied.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problems with Testing and Assessment
Health Canada Proposal
United Nations Proposal
Environmental Concerns
False information
Withheld Information
Health Effects
Resistance to Antibiotics
New Allergens
Public Opinion
Fears
Controversy over Testing and Labeling Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Scientists claim that genetically modified foods (GMOs) can hold the key to the solution of many problems facing our world today. They have led to the development and production of new drugs, and could supply the answer on how to feed a growing population on limited space. The developers of Genetically Modified Foods report that they are completely safe and recite a list of our scientific advancements in the field in an attempt to gain public confidence. Farmers and grocery stores seem divided on the subject. Many grocery stores simply do not mention the subject as long as they are making profit. Farmers are divided and fear that if the public does not accept these new items, they will not buy them. In addition, farmers must be concerned about the long-term effects on their land. There are two sides on this issue, big business touts it as the greatest breakthrough of modern time, but skeptics are not so sure."
| |
|
Animal Testing, 2002.
An opinion paper advocating the necessity of animal testing.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an argument for the necessity of animal testing of medical products, consumer products and research for cures and discoveries for illnesses and disorders. The claim is made that alternative means of testing are not as effective.
From the Paper
"Throughout the years there have been many groups who have protested using animals for the purpose of testing products. These products include medical products, consumer products and research for cures and discoveries about illnesses and disorders. The groups who protest the use of animals say that it is cruel to use them for the tests when alternative methods could be found. While alternative methods have been developed for many types of testing the use of animals for testing must still be embraced. Alternative testing methods have not proven themselves to be as reliable as animal testing."
| |
|
Alzheimer?s Disease, 2002.
An introduction to Alzheimer's Disease - a common form of dementia among older people.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper defines Alzheimer's Disease as the most common form of dementia, or brain disorder, that affects older people and affects their ability to communicate and act rationally. The paper covers many issues relating to the disease including its discovery, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, it covers the issue of families living with AD sufferers and the difficulty involved.
From the Paper
"Talking to patients about their roles in life and activities helps patients to maintain their self-identity and enhances the quality of life. The roles that family caregivers accept can be overwhelming. They must help the patient with personal hygiene, dressing and housekeeping. In addition, it is important to ensure mental and physical stimulation by ensuring that they have social and physical activities. The overburdened caregiver is susceptible to stress, resentful feeling and psychological problems. It is usually a good idea to seek assistance in providing care and to join support groups. (Hamdy, Mace)"
|
|
|
