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Charles Darwin, 2002.
A biographical study of Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the life of scientist Charles Darwin and his historic theory of evolution named after him. It investigates his research on species of birds and his famous work, "The Origin of the Species", which describes how natural selection allows all animals to gradually evolve, with those animals best suited to the environment able to survive, reproduce and become the dominant species.
From the Paper
"Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England in 1809. The son of a doctor, Darwin was expected to also be a doctor and so he went to university to study medicine. However, Darwin often fainted at the sight of blood, this problem forcing him to leave medical school. Also at the request of his parents, Darwin began to study religion. While Darwin did not pursue his religious education, he did meet and become friends with a biology professor, John Stevens Henslow. Through this friendship Darwin became interested in biology, zoology and geography."
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Stem Cells, 2002.
A paper which argues in favor of stem cell research.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
Stem cell research has quickly made its way into the media headlines and is among one of the most controversial subjects in America today. The debate on whether or not to use stem cells for research is a scientific one, but it has also become a political question, as well.
This essay argues that the potential benefits far outweigh any of the moral concerns of the research. It shows how, for scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. To turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. The paper provides several arguments in favor of stem cell research, including the medical benefits.
From the Paper
"Standing with Mary Tyler-Moore, Gina Gershon and Michael J. Fox, she spoke at a Senate subcommittee meeting, expressing the urgency of the situation and the importance of stem cell research to her and so many others who are dying every day from ALS, a degenerative disease. When you look at the living, breathing people who could truly benefit from a used fetus, it is obvious that morality can bend in the direction of those who need help."
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Stem Cells, 2002.
A paper which argues that the potential benefits of stem cell research far outweigh the moral costs.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversial stem cell research, including the moral dilemmas put forward by those who oppose this type of research. The author of the paper argues, however, that the benefits in the medical world from stem cell research would outweigh by far the moral costs. The paper argues that since the embryos left over from infertility clinics are going to be wasted anyway, they should be put to use by helping to save someone else's life.
From the Paper
"Last year, President Bush approved the use of federal funds to support limited research on only existing human embryonic stem cell lines. But as proponents of stem cell research have pointed out, this isn?t enough. Restricting federal funding to a limited number of cell lines will hamper the progress of the research. Proponents will continue to pressure the United States government to expand these limits and are hopeful that science will benefit from this pressure soon.
Shortly before this decision was made, Sen. Bill Frist, the Senate?s only physician spoke at a Senate sub-committee meeting. I am absolutely convinced ... that we can address the use of living tissue, of living cells that otherwise would not be used," said Frist. "I believe within an appropriate ethical construct, we can use that tissue to the benefit of hundreds of others, thousands of others, maybe millions of others." (Wildmoon, 2000)"
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The West Indian Manatee, 2002.
A study of the large aquatic mammal, the West Indian manatee.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the West Indian manatee, which is one of the world?s largest aquatic mammals. It discuss its dwindling population due to heavy hunting in the 18th century and modern coastal development. The paper describes the feeding habits of the mantee and its biology.
Table of Contents:
Taxonomic Classification
Growth & Reproduction
Structure, Morphology and Physiology
Feeding Habits
Communication
Behavior
Ecology
Range & Status
From the Paper
"The West Indian Manatee is the common name for large mammal indigenous to coastal regions in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico (Lefebvre, O'Shea, Rathbun, and Best ?1989). Manatees are on average around 3.5 meters long at their full adult size (Lefebvre). Their average weight is an estimated 1869 kg, though they can grow up to 4 meters, and weigh as much as 5607 kg (Lefebvre). Looking at Table 1 (below), their taxonomy is laid out from Kingdom Animalia, to their species name manatus. Manatees typically can be expected to live about 60 years (Lefebvre). Manatees are aquatic mammals, who only eat plants (Guerra 2001)."
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Poison Oak Eradication, 2002.
This paper provides an insight into poison oak - its biology, symptoms on contact, and methods of eradication.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various methods of poison-oak eradication as well as the reasons that controlling this plant may prove to be necessary or advisable. Touching any member of the poison oak family causes an oozing, itchy, misery-inducing rash. Among the methods that are discussed for eradication are controlled burning, mechanical control (such as mowing it), herbicide use and biocontrol ? usually in the form of hungry goats.
From the Paper
"In most cases, the next stage is the appearance of small, water-filled blisters. This tends to coincide with the period of maximum itching. In the most severe cases, the blisters will be much larger and will tend to merge into each other. In even the most severe case, the rash recedes in between one and four weeks without any treatment ? although most sufferers do use topical medications to reduce the itching. Reducing itching it important because scratching the blisters spreads the resin and so spreads the rash."
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Red Tide, 2002.
An overview of the topic and dangers of red tide - the blooming of a specific form of marine algae which accumulate in a small area.
707 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Red Tide - the common name for the blooming of certain species of dinoflagellata that have a reddish pigment causing the water to appear to be red when the massive numbers of dinoflagellates accumulate. The paper examines the dangers of Red Tide to human beings in the form of nausea, skin irritation and weakened immune systems. It also shows that Red Tide can be fatal to marine life, especially marine mammals. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of Red Tide on the fishing industry and the various things which are being done to try and control it.
From the Paper
"Red tides have been completely unaffected by pollution, and finding a way to contain outbreaks has been a daunting task for scientists. Most recently, a Woods Hole scientist has been experimenting with using clay to smother the algae (Fairfield). This new method has helped protect the billion-dollar fishing industries in Japan and South Korea, and scientists are hoping it can protect the waters in the United States as well (Fairfield).
Until recently, the research has focused mainly on the toxins emitted, and the chemistry of the harmful blooms ? not on finding ways to control the blooms (Fairfield). While the United States isn?t a fishing economy per se, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimate that the U.S. will lose more that $1 billion over the next ten years because of the toxic algae (Fairfield)."
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Cloning, 2002.
A paper which takes a look at the ethical questions surrounding the cloning of animals and human beings.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the questions and objections raised by those opposed to the cloning of human beings. It discusses the fact that science is "incomplete" and therefore unable to predict the outcome of cloned humans. It also examines the ethical questions surrounding the topic, including the fact that the souls of cloned humans cannot be copied, only their physical and genetic make-up. Finally, the paper argues that before science attempts to clone humans, it should come up with the answers to the many religious, ethical and moral dilemnas pertaining to the subject.
From the Paper
"Another important question to ask is what kind of relationship would the clone have with the donor who is supposed to be acting like a parent? This is not a very good argument. Confidentiality would keep anyone but the parents and the doctors from knowing that the child is a clone. As stated earlier, the parent whom the child was cloned from and the child would not necessarily look alike, at least not any more alike than a child can normally look like a parent, and they would not necessarily act alike. The womb environment and the environment within the first couple of years after birth has such a huge affect on us, that the child may never know he/she was a clone, and, if cloning were perfected, no one would even ever suspect that the child was a clone."
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Environmental Plankton, 2002.
A study of the theory to fight global warming with plankton.
680 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the article ?The little plankton that could... maybe? by Marx, which describes a new proposal to use plankton to fight global warming. The paper illustrates how high carbon dioxide levels cause global warming and that plankton trap carbon dioxide on the ocean floor, which could recreated the ecological balance. The paper questions the theory?s feasibility and raises many unanswered questions.
From the Paper
"The first question relates to how to increase plankton numbers. The options given involve fertilizing plankton the same way plants are fertilized. Chemicals essential for growth, such as nitrogen and iron, are dropped into the ocean. The article suggests this can be done by ship ?to essentially make up for their negative impact on the local environment.? The question that this leads to, is what impact this fertilizer will have on other sea life."
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Pollination, 2002.
This paper presents an explanation for the process of pollination.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by explaining the process of pollination and its necessity for reproduction. It distinguishes between different reproductive structures - sexual cells within the plant or cones. The paper first examines the procedure of cone-bearing pollination and then that of flowering pollination. This is followed by a study of self- pollination and the strengths and weaknesses possessed by species with this type of pollination. The benefits of cross-pollination are discussed and the paper concludes with a look at the role of pollinators.
From the Paper
"Pollination is when pollen grains from the male structures of plants are transferred to the female structures of plants. The pollen grains are vital for reproduction ? they contain cells that will develop into male sex cells. The female structure contains the female sex cells, more commonly known as the egg. Pollination prepares the plant for fertilization ? when the two sex cells join. Nearly all grains, vegetables, wildflowers, trees, and fruits must go through pollination in order to produce seeds (or fruits). Pollination is also critically important in the reproduction of crops grown agriculturally, such as corn, rice, wheat, apples, tomatoes, and squash. (Dickson)"
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?Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice?, 2002.
This analytical research paper presents a book review of "Tale of a Shaman?s Apprentice" by ethno-botanist Mark J. Plotkin.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper's thesis states that preservation and efficient management of the rain forest?s botanical, cultural and therapeutic resources is the key to a healthier life and a better world. On this basis, the paper reviews the book "Tale of a Shaman's Apprentice" by Mark J. Plotkin, in which he demonstrates the urgent need to cease the rapid environmental destruction increasing at an alarming pace. The paper shows that by describing the reactions of medicinal plants of the rain forests on the human body and outlining the various classifications of forest plants, Plotkin has successfully managed to accomplish his aim of spreading the much-needed awareness regarding the protection, preservation and management of the rain forests spread world wide and the need to take care of and conduct research of the fragile cultures that inhabit these forests. The paper discusses how this captivating book highlights the importance of the Amazonian forests by describing in detail their diverse and unique botanical power and the availability of the majority of the insects and other animals in various regions of the Amazon jungles. It shows, too, how Plotkin also puts emphasis on the botanical wisdom of the shamans of the Amazonian forests.
From the Paper
"Examining and exploring the characteristics, distribution, origins and classification of the plant life of a region is the primary concern of an ethno botanist. Since Plotkin was the principal ethno botanist, his job status demanded exploration of rain forests for the betterment of human kind. Hence, to hunt down shamans who are well aware of medical treatments done though the plants, were the basic requirements of his work. However, this was not the only reason as the author suggests in his book. He was intrigued by plant life and it all started on a September night lecture in 1974 at Harvard University (Plotkin: 2) that ignited a spark in the thirsty soul and made him discover the wonders of the Amazonian ever developing plant life and the cures that the medicine experts in the rain forests of the Amazon exposed (Plotkin: 3). For the same reason, he chose the particular plant life of the Amazon areas to study and learn, how to ameliorate the contemporary world and the ensuing deadly ailments with the advancement of industry and science."
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Genetic Engineering, 2002.
Moral, ethnical, biological and religious perspectives to genetic engineering.
2,524 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper argues for and against the use of genetic engineering from a number of perspectives. It shows that, even though God has given man the knowledge to manipulate genes in such a way as to eliminate almost any blemish, the question remains whether this is the right thing to do. The paper mentions that, on the one hand, the scientific potential is mindboggling; but on the other hand, many fear that the power of eliminating certain types of genes, could be blown out of proportion.
From the Paper
"The alteration of the genetic structure of any organism is done by means of Genetic engineering that provides characters beneficial or pleasing to the individual performing the alternation. In other words it is a treatment of the DNA or RNA pool (Sarah. 2002). For instance, the most greatly well known example of genetic engineering is the sheep Dolly that was cloned in the year 1996. Here, in order to create Dolly, the scientists took out cells from the udder of a pregnant, six year old ewe and then these cells were put into not related host eggs that had their DNA separated. Thus, as an alternate of creating one fertilized egg, a reproduction or a duplicate of an adult animal was made (Sarah. 2002)."
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The Ape and Human Consciousness, 2002.
A research paper discussing the similarities and differences between ape and human consciousness.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the word consciousness and questions whether chimpanzees and other apes do indeed possess all three traits that make up consciousness as we know it: language, self-awareness, and theory of mind. The paper gives examples from animal communication research which show that they perhaps do possess these traits. It then looks at the critics of this theory who claim that the difference between the human and ape consciousness is vast and that apes cannot really claim to possess language, self-awareness and a theory of mind skills.
From the Paper
"One of the original researchers using sign language with apes, Herb Terrace is now a critic. Terrace placed a chimpanzee named Nim in a community of people using sign language to see if he would pick up the language, but found that only by bribing him with treats did he learn (Wynne 52). Terrace realized that Nim was simply using signs that his trainers had used in their question, so in effect he was just echoing what had been said (Wynne 52). Regarding Washoe?s description of a swan as ?waterbird,? it is noted that perhaps she was simply naming two things she saw, water and bird. As far as Kanzi?s ability to pick up symbolic language from observation of her mother?s training, it must be noted that Kanzi was rewarded for her use of symbols and usually given the things that she named (Wynne 52)."
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Evolutionary Mass Extinctions, 2002.
This paper discusses in detail the changes in environment over time that caused mass extinction of animals such as the dinosaurs.
4,290 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the fossil records tell us that, through out the geological history of earth, mass extinctions have been the norm rather than the exception. This paper states that a better understanding of the role extinction plays in evolution is essential. The author concludes that human beings are uniquely adaptable; they invent procedures as medicine that give them extended control over their environments.
From the Paper
"Of course, the most famous extinction event is that of the dinosaurs, about 65 million years ago. Such events appear in the fossil record as far back as Precambrian time when it is believed that life first began. Ideas of mass extinction has been an issue of controversy between many geologists towards the idea that it is related to intermittent catastrophes such as the striking of the earth's surface by a large asteroid or comet. Many paleontologists and evolutionary theorists reject such ideas and believe them to be unjustified."
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Genetics and Crime, 2002.
A discussion of the causal relationship between genetics and crime.
1,048 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the multitude of issues related to crime and more specifically, the fundamental relationship between genetics and crime. It evaluates the three distinct methodologies (adoption studies, family studies, and twin studies) that are used to discover the correlation between genetic influences on antisocial and criminal behavior. It also reviews different twin studies and their correlation to antisocial and criminal behavior. It concludes with recommendations for finding solutions to the crime problem.
From the Paper
"Few issues are as controversial and difficult to resolve as crime. Over the past 20-25 years, public concern over certain aspects of the crime problem has intensified. In particular, law enforcement and the public have focused on the challenge of supervising parolees and probationers in the community, juvenile crime, the role of television in producing violence, and urban gangs. Researchers have found a causal relationship exists between crime and such traits as: age; economic status; education level; environmental factors; ethnicity; gender; genetics; intelligence (or lack thereof); psychological factors; race; sex; sociological factors; etc."
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Psychological and Behavioral Processes in Humans and Animals, 2002.
This paper compares and contrasts psychological and behavioral processes of human and animals; knowledge of animals gains a deeper comprehension of the similar processes in humans.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that both humans and animals have strong psychological needs that modify attitudes and behaviors. The author states that cognitive processes, including thinking, feeling, memorizing and perceiving, strongly influence the entire welfare of animals and humans. The paper concludes that there are acute differences between the humans and animals in their psychological processes that mutate their behavior.
From the Paper
"Research demonstrates that learning about psychological and behavioral processes of both animals and humans can greatly assist psychologists, physiologists, biologists and most of all general public in ameliorating human/animal interaction and in the successful management of all animals. Over the years, physiological processes have been studied thoroughly and paid much attention to, however, psychological needs and behavioral processes associated to them have neither been examined nor researched, thereby neglecting the most cardinal facet of both animal and human behavior for exploration of the same proves that animals like humans have strong psychological needs that modify and determine their behavior."
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