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The Role of Natural Selection in the Theory of Evolution, 2002.
This paper discusses various theories of evolution, then focuses on Charles Darwin's theory. Specifically, the paper explores how his idea of natural selection fits into the scheme of species development.
2,388 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The writer explores the topic of species development and the ways in which different theories of evolution have arisen from different mechanisms proposed to be behind the changes in species. Darwin's theory of natural selection answers the question of species develop over time.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Various Historical Theories
Darwinian Evolution
Variation
Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
Difficulties of Darwin?s Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Darwin based his natural selection on the idea that if there were no checking factor, all organisms have to potential to breed their population to quantities that vastly outweigh the numbers actually seen. Since this does not happen, there must exist some factor that limits the population of the species. He explains, in depth, the geometric progression of population growth. Perhaps the most basic example is that of bacteria; each bacteria can divide into two identical bacteria in a matter of hours. We would start with one, which would divide into two, which would divide into four and so one. In a matter of days, millions of bacteria would exist. Animals and plants have the ability to breed in a similar geometric fashion. Yet something keeps populations in check. There are a myriad of reason why a population would be kept in check. The overall title to these checks Darwin assigned was Natural Selection."
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The Hazards of Microbiological Research, 2002.
This paper looks closely at the dangers of acquiring infectious diseases through work in laboratory.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In clinical and research laboratories, cultures of microorganisms are accumulated in large amounts which are transferred between containers and are manipulated in the process of testing and evaluation. The paper shows the risk presented to employees through this type of exposure. The writer looks at how a worker can contract a disease, what precautions have been enacted, and what are the federal agencies who regulate these safety standards.
From the Paper
"A need to understand the risks led to guidelines being developed by the CDC which addressed handling the agents based on their infectious severity and the form in which they might be encountered. The guidelines were established to be a combination of strategies including knowledge of the hazard, safety equipment, and basic facility design to prevent accidental or unintentional contamination or contact with agent(s)leading to the possibility/probability of infection."
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Genetically Modified Seed, 2002.
A look at the controversy over the use of genetically modified seed.
1,713 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts of genetically modified (GM) seed and the controversy that lies in the illegality of commercially growing GM seed within the European Union that hasn?t been approved by EU regulators. It uses as an example the venture between AstraZeneca Plc and the Dutch cooperative Cosun in manufacturing GM seed.
Outline:
The Corporation
The Controversy
How Did this Happen?
How Do GM Products Get Approval?
What Regulation Exists?
Where does Zeneca Agrochemicals Fit in with these Accusations?
Fallout?
Sources
From the Paper
"Regulations do exist for testing GM seed; different for the sale in both the United States and Europe. In Europe, before any genetically modified crop can be used in food, it is evaluated by an independent scientific advisory committee that reports to the EU government. Each EU member state may then examine the crop with their own expert committees. All member states then decide together and the permit comes from the state where the crop was first assessed. Any food product that is not genetically pure (within 1%) in Europe must be labeled as such.(20)"
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Charles Darwin, 2002.
This paper discusses the life and work of Charles Darwin.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the events that led to Darwin?s theory of evolution and explains what Darwin means by natural selection. This paper illuminates that Darwin made his observations, which became the basic material for his major work on evolution, during his trip to the Galapagos Islands. The author points out that Darwin?s theory of natural selection involves natural variations occurring in the same species.
From the Paper
"Darwin?s theory involves natural variations occurring in this bird species. While they are the same species, some individuals have slightly different traits. One individual bird is born with a longer beak than the others. This bird is better able to retrieve insects from the ground. This bird lives better, lives longer and creates more offspring. These offspring continue to have the longer beak that allows them to eat better from the ground. These birds are better able to survive than birds with smaller beaks. The end result is that the area where the food is insect life becomes populated by birds that are best suited to this environment."
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Natural Health Practices in Veterinary Medicine, 2002.
This paper looks at the use of non-medical alternatives in the treatment of animals.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of health interventions by Veterinarians. The writer draws several parallels between the use of natural health practices in humans and animals. Nutrition therapy includes the use of whole, fresh ingredients, vitamin therapy uses nutritional supplements to help with recovery from illness, herbal remedies such as echinacea and peppermint are used to help restore balance and acupuncture is used to balance energy and relieve pain. According to this writer the key to the use of non-medical alternatives in veterinary medicine is in their correct application, often in conjuntion with traditional medicine.
From the Paper
"Acupuncture is another natural health method that can be applied to veterinary practice. It is the use of needles inserted superficially into the skin to balance energy, and it is often used in cases where a patient is disabled by pain. Used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis in older dogs, acupuncture can greatly increase an animal?s mobility without the potentially harmful side effects of pain relieving medication, such as lethargy, digestive difficulty, and loss of appetite (Zucker, 2000). Another use of acupuncture with animals is in the case of chronic injury; older pets can injure joints if they fall, and acupuncture can relieve this chronic pain and give greater mobility (Pitcairn, 1995)."
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Genetic Technology, 2002.
This paper argues in favor of using genetic technology within limits.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the argument of bioethicists in favor of a complete ban on genetic testing and then states that many Christians are opposed to this ban. The author believes that limits can be set by using a treatment-enhancement distinction and presents a three part arguement. The author believes that while there is a great deal of peril that can be associated with the use of genetic technology with proper and careful restraints on the use of genetic technology, we will be able to use it as a form of medicine to relieve pain, disability and death.
From the Paper
"There are two major variants of the level playing field conception. The first view is the social structuralist view, which requires that something be done to counteract the opportunity-limiting effects of bad luck in the social lottery as far as limitations result from ongoing effects of unjust social structures ? with the emphasis on unjust institutions, not necessarily natural difference among persons. The second view is the brute luck view, which requires that persons should not have lesser opportunities due to how they fare in the social lottery, regardless of whether this inequity originated in unjust institutions ? with the emphasis on those factors beyond one?s control. The most glaring difference between these two views is that under the social structural view, there are no direct implications for natural inequities (not institutions), while the brute luck view does."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
A discussion of the history and ethics of cloning technology.
1,956 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of human cloning and outlines its history from the discovery that sheep with short legs could be bred, to the advanced technology and knowledge available today. It looks at different processes of cloning and the laws laid down to prevent human technology from advancing. It examines the rationale and ethics of those pro cloning with discussion of the scientific breakthroughs it can provide with skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics etc. It also presents the other side of the argument, how human cloning and genetic manipulation intrude upon the profound nature of the inherently unknowable and represent the bottomless depths of human arrogance and irresponsibility.
From the Paper
"It was not until 1984 that a Danish scientist, Steen Willadsen, reported he had made a genetic copy of a lamb from early sheep embryo cells, a process now called ?twinning.? Other scientist eventually used his method to ?twin? cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. He later joined Grenada Genetics to commercially clone cattle, and did this from differentiated cells. In other parts of the world, scientist began cloning a cow from embryo cells, and in 1990, the Human Genome Project began. Four years later, scientist Neal First produced genetic copies of calves from embryos. They grew to 120 cells, and in 1995, Ian Wilmut replicated Neal First?s experiment with differentiated cells from sheep, but he put embryo cells into an inactive state before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. "
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Gene Therapy, 2002.
A detailed examination of the manipulation of genes for medical benefits.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Gene therapy - the medical term for the manipulation of genes - promises to allow the curing of diseases and growing of organs, thus saving thousands of lives every year. This paper looks at the history of gene therapy, views of both sides of the gene therapy controversy and its potential uses for the future.
From the Paper
"While it looks very promising on paper there are many concerns about gene therapy and what it will mean to mankind, physically, emotionally and economically(Risk, 2002). Clinical trials have been halted in the US after trials in France caused several deaths in young people from causes other than the disease they started out with (Schieszer, 1996). One 18 year old died of a severe gene reaction that occurred when the gene therapy was started and others have developed leukemia where there was none there to begin with(Schieszer, 1996). Gene therapy is uncharted territory in every sense of the word and there are many things that are not known about the long term effect of using it. Medical scientists are working to discover all the things that might go wrong but there is a huge financial push to get the therapy through the various hoops and approved for use(Schieszer, 1996)."
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Genetic Engineering, 2002.
A paper which argues that restraint should be used in the field of genetic engineering to prevent the endangering of life forms.
2,568 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
Today the advancements in science have made possible the selective study of the individual segments of the DNA of a particular species, to isolate them and to infuse them in the DNA of a totally different organism. The paper shows that genetic engineering can be viewed as a breakthrough in the study of organisms that effectively disintegrates the distinctions that exists in the different species of the world. The advancements in recombinant DNA technology have expedited the research in genetics. This paper analyzes the subject of genetic engineering and in the process analyzes its pros and cons and its future implications.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is a fast growing field, which is rapidly removing the species boundaries. Genetic engineering appears to be the solution for all genetically inherited disorders. With the rapid advent of biochip technology we are in for a paradigm shift in medical diagnosis. Gene manipulation is nothing short of altering the fundamental life code and unless sufficient care is exercised it may lead to disastrous consequences. With all the proposed advantages genetic engineering is still a debatable subject with the scientific fraternity sharing mixed opinion on the subject. Unless we are very sure about the safety and the precautions of interspecies transfer of genetic material there is every chance that we might end up endangering ourselves and other forms of life on earth. Leaving alone the other issues the very thought of playing with nature is quite unsettling."
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Ethics of Reproduction, 2002.
This paper focuses on the ethics of the various aspects of reproduction and their effects on our one ecosystem.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the growing human population is having a devastating effect on the earth's resources. The author presents many different scenarios that support the argument that human population growth must be curbed in order to prevent the earth's destruction. Some of the materials presented include the relationship between humans and the ecosystem and how over the years, human insensitivities have progressively damaged this ecosystem. Some of the topics discussed also include how the ecosystem is affected by pollution, water shortages, global warming, increased meat and fish consumption and excessive stripping of the forests, which according to the research presented by this author, are all a result of over-population.
From the Paper
"When this occurs naturally, such as the conversion of forest to grassland due to fires by lightning, it is called ?ecosystem development or ecological succession? (Ecosystem pg). Carrying capacity refers to the number or organisms that a particular environment can support. ?If the carrying capacity of an ecosystem is exceeded by overpopulation, there will be insufficient resources and one or more species will decline? until balance is restored (Ecosystem pg). And if the population is less than the carrying capacity of an environment, then the number of a species will increase until it balances the available resources (Ecosystem pg). Humans all too often disrupt the carrying capacity of an area by over-grazing on grasslands, over-culling a species, or introducing a non-indigenous species into an area (Ecosystem pg). However, other forms of human activity are having consequential effects on the ecosystem of the planet."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
Examining the controversy surrounding stem cell research, citing arguments for and against this practice.
1,652 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scientific definition of stem cell research and explains how the process scientists wishing to extract the stem cells for research purposes. It then looks at the history of the controversy surrounding this form of research, by looking at laws and legislation passed by government committees over the past few decades. The moral arguments against this research are then presented and finally the stance for stem cell research is provided. The great scientific advantages are listed as well as the unlimited potential for cures and medical development.
From the Paper
"The current restrictions on stem cell research in the United States hinder potential medical breakthroughs through the use of this technology. While opponents of genetic engineering and stem cell technologies make important points about the potential ethical consequences, the potential medical therapeutically value of such technologies is clearly undeniable."
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The Coral Reef, 2002.
An examination of the history, biology and enemies of the coral reef.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the coral reef, one of the most beautiful, living examples of nature. It discusses how it has taken thousands of years to create the coral reefs that are found worldwide and how these fragile ecosystems are in danger of disappearing unless citizens and the government take steps to preserve these habitats for numerous varieties of marine life. It shows how with the aid of satellites and concerned individuals, these living monuments will be around for thousands more years.
Outline
Introduction
History of the Reefs
What are Corals
How Corals Feed
Photosynthesis
A Fragile Environment
Forming the Reef
Where Coral Forms
Variety of Colonies
Architecture of the Reef
Darwin?s Theory
Wildlife of the Reefs
Monitoring the Reefs From Space
Dangers From Algae
Other Dangers
Regrowth
Protection Act of 1999
Survey of Americans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Scientists are excited about the use of the satellite since it offers views of coral reefs that are hard to reach and observe. In 2000, when a fishing boat was grounded more than 1,000 miles west of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pearl and Hermes Atoll, scientists found it difficult to reach the reef to check on the amount of damage it may have sustained. There are numerous coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean that are so remote, that it would be hard to detect or study a spill or grounding. High-resolution imagery gives scientists a much needed tool to monitor these reefs that were previously inaccessible (Soliday 154)."
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Primate Intelligence, 2002.
This paper discusses that the work of Jane Goodall and others are discovering that primates have a higher degree of intelligence than previously known.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses recent primate studies that suggest there are more degrees of intelligence and more kinds of intelligence in the animal kingdom than was thought possible. The paper stresses that observing chimpanzees in the wild affords more opportunities to see intelligent behavior than observing them in zoos or other captive environments. The author points out that having learned that chimpanzees in the wild medicate themselves as needed, humans are learning about medications from these chimpanzees.
From the Paper
"Jane Goodall has been a key figure in primate studies and helped initiate the ChimpanZoo project to compare behaviors in the wild with behaviors in captivity. Such interdisciplinary studies help researchers understand observed behaviors in both settings. Research in the wild serves to counter many of the stereotypical views of primates that people have developed form only seeing these animals in the zoo, an artificial environment which distorts some behavior."
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Irradiated Foods, 2002.
This paper discusses the issues pro and con over irradiated food, food treated with radiation to destroy bacteria.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the controversy concerning the safety and long-term health effects of irradiated foods. The paper argues in favor of irradiation by pointing out that it has been used for many years without problems and that many respectable studies have shown that it is not harmful. The author also presents arguments from studies using laboratory animals that there is evidence about carcinogens, chromosomal, genetic hazards and the loss of vitamins and nutrients.
From the Paper
"Supporters of irradiated food cited the fact that this treatment has been endorsed by ?such diverse entities as the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the U.S. Public Health Service and the American Medical Association?. Moreover, hospitals and nursing homes have fed irradiated food to burn victims and chemotherapy patients for years due to the fact such ?immunologically comprised people are particularly prone to infections from bacteria that irradiation destroys".
Astronauts have been eating irradiated food since 1972."
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Huber?s ?Reverend Malthus, Meet Dr. Faustus?, 2002.
This paper discusses the book, ?Reverend Malthus, Meet Dr. Faustus? an essay by Peter W. Huber that discusses two important theories which explain and predict the outcome of mankind.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Huber essay that presents two extreme theories of population: the Malthusian Theory, a pessimistic viewpoint formulated by Thomas Malthus, and the Faustian Theory, the opposite extreme advocated by Dr. Faustus. The paper summarizes Malthus as saying that the world will out populate itself and Faustians as saying that through technology humankind will balance the supply to meet the population. The author states that Huber?s essay is critical of the two extreme theories but does not provide his own theory.
From the Paper
"While Malthusians subsist to the pessimist view of mankind?s fate, Faustians are those who subsist to the belief that contrary to the pessimistic Malthusians, who claimed that humankind will end in a catastrophe through famine or war (Thomas Malthus), or by natural disasters (neo-Malthusians). To the Faustians, the world and humankind will continue to flourish and develop. They predicted that instead of experiencing a downfall, humankind would develop even greater ?waves of technology,? wherein these waves of technology are said to have been ?propelling huge increases in productivity and ?explosive? growth.? Ultimately, Faustians declare that a fifth wave of technology is yet to come, which is through hydrogen ?as an alternative source of energy that will save the environment.? "
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