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Circadian Rhythms, 2004.
This paper discusses three Internet sites that examine the role ?biological clocks?, or circadian rhythms, play in regulating the human body?s internal activities.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that an important point that is illustrated in the "Biological Clocks, Brain Briefings" web site is the role that light, specifically sunlight, plays in affecting the activities, not only of humans, but also of mammals in general. The author points out that the Circadian Rhythm Information Web centers its attention on circadian rhythm disorders and provides three categories containing links to web sites that provide information about the topic. The paper concludes that further studies about this phenomenon may be applied to the studies of jet lag and alteration of biological clocks in the context of aging.
From the Paper
"The article cites scientific experiments conducted on animals to illustrate how circadian rhythms, and any alteration or irregularity in its pattern, may result to changes in the body?s internal rhythm. The article?s simple, yet illustrative, explanation of circadian rhythm disorders among animals show how sleeping disorders such as jet lags are understood on a scientific basis. Apart from circadian rhythm disorders, the article also centered its discussion on the biochemical reactions that take place in the human body in response to these circadian rhythms."
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Human Cloning, 2004.
A brief discussion of the issue of human cloning in light of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper looks explains Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and how the issue of human cloning fits in with it. The writer argues that, if you can clone a human, and Darwin's theory is correct, then the human race will be made up of only perfect human beings, cloned and perfected, while the imperfect are naturally selected out of the race.
From the Paper
"To this point, Darwin raises the question, ?Can?individuals having any advantage, however slight, over the others?have the best chance of surviving and procreating their kind?? Darwin?s theory of natural selection thus emphasizes two points to the benefits of advantage: the improved likelihood of survival and the ability to generate greater numbers of the modified species. He surmised that, ?modifications in the structure or habits of one inhabitant would often give it an advantage over others,? but any change in productivity would ?seriously disturb the relations of the former inhabitants.? By this, Darwin considers the broader picture of diversity, indicating that the change would impact other species, as well as the parent group, and that nature selects diversity to maximize survival and species regeneration."
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Cloning, 2004.
Summary of an article by Gregory E. Pence, "Will Cloning Harm People?"
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the pro-cloning arguments presented in Gregory Pence's article on cloning. The arguments Pence makes about the positive aspects of cloning and why cloning should not be considered immoral or unethical are outlined, as well as some of the responses Pence provides to the moral and ethical arguments made against cloning.
From the Paper
"Cloning human beings raises a host of ethical problems and brings to mind heinous Frankenstein-like scenarios. Gregory E. Pence argues that science fiction, fear-mongering, and ignorance are at the root of common fears and prejudices against the science of human cloning. According to Pence, cloning is really no different from other means of tampering with the reproductive process such as in vitro fertilization. Furthermore, many of the arguments once used against in vitro fertilization are now being raised against cloning, proving that it is only a matter of time before cloning is accepted by the bioethical community and the general population. In his essay ?Will Cloning Harm People?? Pence offers pithy rebuttals to common moral arguments against cloning, focusing mainly on the potential well-being and rights of the cloned individual, as this is a central issue of concern in bioethics. Pence asserts that there is no inherent difference between a cloned human and a monozygotic twin or a baby conceived through in vitro fertilization and that there is no reason to assume that a cloned person would be treated any differently from his or her natural-born counterpart."
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Asthma, 2002.
An overview of the pathology of asthma and treatments available for it.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Asthma is an intermittent disorder, which affects the patient from time to time. Resistance to airflow may be triggered by external factors, such as inhalation of substances, or resistance can occur without any external stimuli. The paper explains that the clinical symptoms of asthma include wheezing, chest tightness, and breathlessness. It also shows that, in America alone, there are more than seventeen million people suffering from asthma, and asthma attacks alone are responsible for some 500,000 hospitalizations every year. The paper presents details of the disease and explores treatment options.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Asthma?
Asthma and the Immune System
Diagnosis of Asthma
Radioallergoabsorbent Test [RAST]
Prick Tests
Treatment
Steroids
Bronchodialators
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Our lungs are equipped with elaborate defense methods to guard against the potential invasion of foreign bodies. The tiny hair like protrusions called the cilia, constitutes the first line of defense. The cilia pushes the trapped particles (along with the mucus) into the mouth which we swallow and the pathogens are destroyed by the action of the digestive enzymes. The bronchioles constitute the second line of defense."
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Therapeutic Cloning, 2004.
Looks at the ethical problems involved in cloning, generally, and therapeutic cloning, in particular.
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Recent years have seen intense debate on the ethicality of human cloning and therapeutic cloning. While the former involves reproduction of a new human, a clone to the adult from whom the DNA was taken, therapeutic cloning has a very different goal. Having said that, therapeutic cloning, too, has been under the spotlight. This paper focuses on therapeutic cloning alone and explores the possible pros and cons of the procedure. It defines therapeutic cloning to assure that the discussion is viewed in the correct contextual framework.
From the Paper
"Therapeutic Cloning or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is a procedure, which involves removing the DNA from a cell taken from a human, inserting it into the DNA taken from a woman?s ovum and giving the resultant ovum an electrical shock to begin the formation of an embryo. The procedure results in a pre-embryo being formed in a small percentage of cases (Robinson)."
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Advances in the Field of Genetic Engineering, 2004.
Brief overview of the subject of genomes and comparative genomics.
1,898 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the evolutionary process and the concepts known as protein folding and selective expression. The paper begins with a look at the role of DNA and continues with an account of the history of DNA sequencing and a discussion of the different applications for genome sequencing. The paper also discusses the importance of the study of genomes of different species, known as comparative genomics, and explains an aspect of genome sequencing known as hemology.
From the Paper
"The study of genomes of different species would present us with a better picture as to the evolutionary trends, bioarcheology and anthropology. Researchers have identified that 99.9% of the genome information is common for the different human races stressing once again the possibility of a common ancestral origin. In the same vein they have also found that the chimpanzees have about 98.4% of genetic information common with humans. [ Hecht, J] So the improvements in genome science is helping us ascertain our evolutionary trends better than ever before. Similarly mouse and human beings are found to share 97.5% of the DNA material implicating a common ancestral origin some hundred million years ago. [Cohlan, A]"
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An Argument Against Human Cloning, 2004.
A focus on the ethical and moral dilemmas surrounding the science of cloning and why it should be avoided.
2,205 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the idea of cloning humans has always stirred debate, raising moral and ethical issues. It looks at how, as research and experiments continue delve into the frontiers of technology and science, we inch closer to the possibility of cloning becoming a reality. It examines how, in order to deal with the implications of cloning, we should not hesitate to consider the cost cloning would have on society as a whole. It puts forward the argument that human cloning is unethical because we cannot know the results, because it alters societal roles, and because it degrades humanity.
From the Paper
"One very important aspect of the cloning debate is the death of Dolly last year. According to New Scientist Magazine, Dolly suffered from ?arthritis - a condition that occurs most often in the elderly,? which suggests that Dolly ?was aging prematurely? (New Scientist). Although it remains unclear if cloning or genetics caused the arthritis, many are skeptical of the cloning process. In Dolly?s case, cells called telomeres were shorter than they should have been compared to sheep her age that are born normally. This may seem trivial, however, it is important because she was cloned from a sheep that was six years old. What this means is that Dolly might have been older than she looked. From her birth date, she was six years old, but genetic age was 12 years old."
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Environmentally Destructive Chemicals, 2004.
Examines the range of environmental damage caused by environmental contaminants.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the different types of contaminants that exist and the role they play in polluting the environment. The paper also looks at the damage these pollutants cause to human and animal life and the activities that are mostly involved in the ongoing process of environmental contamination.
From the Paper
"In today?s modern life, there are many activities that produce toxic or harmful chemicals and pathogens to be released into the environment. Both pathogens and toxic chemicals cause various kinds of illness and disease in humans as well as in other living organisms"
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Visual Perception, 2004.
This paper discusses the development of visual perception from the concept of modular brain architecture, which holds that the brain is bestowed with some finite characteristics from birth.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the debate over the nature of visual perception is not new and begins with the empiricists of the 17th century, including John Locke, Bishop George Berkeley, and David Hume. The author points out that the debate over the development of vision in infants revolves around cortical and sub-cortical vision. The paper relates that pattern recognition has attracted the attention of many neuroscience researchers, especially in the area of statistical pattern recognition (the decision-theoretic approach) and syntactic pattern recognition.
From the Paper
"Other studies have shown that reaction times improve when there is a sense of anticipation in the subject, evidencing that conditioning or learned behavior is also a neurological factor in this type of pattern recognition. Researchers report that reaction times are faster when the subject has been warned that a stimulus will arrive soon. Welford was the first to have developed an understanding between the roles of psychology and fatigue. Complicated actions tend to affect reaction times. Mental fatigue has a far greater effect than physical fatigue on reaction times."
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Bio-Terrorism, 2004.
A look at the latest threat to the world's citizens, bio-terrorism.
1,712 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research paper about bio-terrorism. The writer focuses on the use of smallpox as a weapon against societies. The writer explores the viability of using smallpox as a weapon, as well as some of the things societies have done to prepare for such a possibility. In addition, the education of the American public about such an attack is discussed.
From the Paper
"Bioterrorism has been a concern of the United States for many years. During most skirmishes, following 9-11 and of course during and after the onset of the war in Iraq, Americans were concerned about the release of bio-chemical warfare. One of the more common concerns recently has been small pox. Small pox is something that if released on the world could cause hundreds of thousands if not millions to perish. The American government has voiced concerns about Saddam Hussein?s ability to implement such an attack, as well as Al-QADA forces being able to do so. As these concerns became public, the public became aware that in actuality any nation or group that had the desire to use small pox against its residents, will be able to do so with some planning and some funding. This realization has created significant concerns throughout America recently and the race to prevent a catastrophic reaction has begun. The United States cannot prevent its enemies from developing the smallpox virus, or using it against the nation, but it can promote the education of the American public to minimize any damage if an attack should occur."
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Amazon Rain Forest Destruction Reviewed, 2004.
An examination of the destruction of the Amazon rain forest from two different perspectives.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of two disciplines and how they approach and address similar issues. The writer explores the destruction of the Amazon rain forest from the perspective of the commercial beef growers ,as well as the perspective of the ecological advocates.
From the Paper
"As the world becomes more crowded it is becoming evident that decisions have to be made regarding resources available to mankind. With the advancement of the world today, and the globalization efforts expand the desire to provide for man now and prepare for the future are beginning to clash. One of the points of controversy is the Amazon Rain Forest because of its dual capability. The Amazon Rain Forest is currently providing areas for cattle to graze which of course provides food for the immediate need, however, the Rain Forest also has a large potential impact on the survival of mankind in the future as long as it is not destroyed today. The tug of war between the cattle ranchers, who are clearing the land now and the ecologists who are trying to stop the destruction of the forest has continued for years. Sociological and Ecological themes hit heads as the arguments and vying for first position continue."
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Visual Perception, 2004.
A discussion of the science and theory behind the phenomenon of visual perception.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the concept of visual perception is complex in nature and how a number of different interpretations of the concept have been established throughout the field of psychology. Although the eyes view objects in a series of short, erratic movements, the brain processes these actions efficiently, so that actual visual experiences are smooth and steady. It looks at how, in order to evaluate perception effectively, two distinct schools of thought must be evaluated: modular and interactive; this paper assesses the circumstances surrounding these two experiences and the factors leading up to a conclusion of the most appropriate solution to the perception dilemma.
Outline
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Movement and Action in the World
Visual Recognition in Relation to Object Processing
Cognitive Psychology and Visual Perception
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research conducted by Humphreys, Price, and Riddoch in 1999 in the article entitled ?From objects to names: A cognitive neuroscience approach? indicates that the recognition of objects is largely based on a series of processing actions and that object naming is based on a combination of visual processing and recognition tasks. The research designates that ?objects from categories with similar members produce a spread of activation across the structural descriptions of perceptual neighbors, and this slows the time for object decision? (Humphreys, Price, & Riddoch, 1999, p. 120). A number of neuroscientific studies are discussed in this essay, and the primary conclusion that the authors portray is that retrieving an object?s name is dependent upon visual differentiation between categories, and may involve visual processing in earlier stages."
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Social Darwinism, 2004.
Takes a detailed look at Social Darwinism and explores its impact on the American society.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper studies Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which contends that throughout history, human society has been like a jungle where only the fittest survived. It looks at the origins, its applications, and weaknesses in the theory. The paper goes on to discuss the impact Social Darwinism had on American society in terms of perceptions held regarding poverty and inequality.
From the Paper
"Social Darwinism was used to justify several actions of questionable ethics in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. For example, Colonialism was supported or even considered necessary by the Social Darwinist. It was rationalized that natives of colonized countries were weaker and unfit to survive; therefore the Colonialists were justified in seizing their land and resources. Social Darwinism also provided a justification for the more exploitative forms of capitalism in which workers were grossly underpaid and made to work in the most horrid conditions. "
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Endangered Tuna, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of over-fishing on one of the most widely-consumed fish species, the tuna.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that tuna is the most profitable and important fish species; thereby, at least six species of tuna fish are either on the verge of the endangered list or nearing extinction altogether. The author points out that the major causes of this depletion of tuna are modern commercial fishing practices and fish pens. The paper concludes that marine biologists say that the only way to let the tuna species recover is through a moratorium on tuna fishing.
Table of Contents
Overview of the Tuna Population
Causes of Depletion
Solutions
From the Paper
"In the oceans around Australia, the Southern bluefin is often caught using the purse-seine method. Instead of hooks, fishers use fine nets to enclose the fish. Currently, there are an estimated 3.5 million such fishing vessels scouring the ocean for edible fish. Many are equipped with sonar equipment and satellite navigation. These nets can snare up to 120,000 pounds of fish during one run. The most modern of these trawlers have their own freezers and facilities. Because the catch can be processed on board, these fishing boats can remain at sea for months at a time."
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Evolution, 2004.
A discussion of the definition of evolutionary theory, as well as the causes and evidence of evolution.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the term ?evolution? evokes varied connotations and how, in simple and direct terms, it is a process of change or development over a long period of time. It looks at how, in general, evolution refers to biologic or organic evolution, which is the formation and development of life on earth.
Outline
Theory of Evolution
Causes of Evolution
Population Dynamics and Evolution of Population
Evidence of Evolution
From the Paper
"The evolutionary theory explains these aspects. Evolutionary theory proposes that all species probably evolved from a single form of life, which existed about three and half billion years ago. Over the ages, the original basic form of life is considered to have evolved into more species and these, in turn, into many other species. This ?speciation? process as it is called led to the development of over 10 million species that live on earth today. The idea of speciation leads to another essential idea underlying it - the idea of common ancestry. As all species evolved from one basic life form, it is implied that any two species once had a common ancestor. But how can the idea of common ancestry are explained in the light of widely varying species? "
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