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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An examination of the debate concerning the ethics of stem cell research.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how stem cell research continues to be a controversial subject. It looks at how proponents note the variety of diseases that could be treated effectively by stem cell technology, from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's to spinal injuries to a variety of other diseases, many linked to heredity factors. It also discusses how opponents consider the use of embryonic stem cells unethical. Although the promise of embryonic stem cell technology is great, the question remains - is it worth the cost?
Outline
Introduction
Proponents
Opponents
The Hippocratic Oath and Stem Cell Research
An Alternative Acceptable to Everyone?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Proponents must not only focus on the possible good of embryonic stem cell research, but must also address the question of moral status of the embryo. In so doing, it is noted that an embryo, at the stage of development for stem cell cultivation, has "no central nervous system, no brain, no capacity to suffer, they consist of a few hundred cells" ("No problems", 2006). Even when embryos are naturally conceived, there is a high natural rate of embryo failure, which makes the assertion that an embryo is a person even more difficult."
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Birds, 2007.
A discussion about birds and their characteristics.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper defines birds as warm-blooded vertebrate animals that are covered with feathers, have wings, a beak and no teeth. The paper describes the different types of feathers and their respective functions. The paper looks at the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems of the birds and their efficiencies. The paper discusses their food and habitats and notes that there are a few species of birds that do not fly, such as the penguin.
From the Paper
"Birds belong to the Aves Classification in biology and live virtually anywhere in the world. They are amniotes (animals whose eggs are protected from drying out), a group that includes mammals, dinosaurs and reptiles). There are approximately 9,000 species, divided into 24 orders and 146 families (which include, for example, Anseriformes (ducks), apodiformes, caprimulgiformes, charadriiformes, ciconiformes, columbiformes, coraciiformes, cucliformes, falconiformes, galliformes, gaviiformes, and so on). Birds are warm-blooded vertebrate animals that are covered with feathers, have wings, a beak, and no teeth. Feathers are actually modified scales. (Enchanted 1)"
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Stem Cell Research Proposal, 2005.
A research proposal regarding the future of stem cell research.
1,931 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This proposal outlines a plan to research the future of stem cell research. According to the paper, stem cell research is an extremely volatile topic worldwide due to the abilities it can potentially create for the medical field. The plan proposes to explore the history of stem cell research, the uses it currently offers, the controversy surrounding its use and what the future of the field seems to be.
Outline:
Summary
Introduction
The Problem
Objectives
Proposed Procedure
Library
Experts
Survey
Data Collection
Task Target
Budget
From the Paper
"Studies have been conducted for the purpose of identifying the most pressing ethical issues in the area of stem cell research. These studies have aimed their objective at helping to inform the issue of policy making by providing the ethical questions in research format. While these are important studies that have answered many of the more pressing questions the measurement of public feelings and support are what will ultimately drive the policy decisions regarding stem cell research. A recent Canadian study targeted a population of participants who were sent email messages asking them to provide their feelings and ideas about what the most pressing issues surrounding stem cell research are. "Responses were collated and categorized under broad topic areas. The topics were then reviewed by a panel of experts through teleconference discussions(Ogbogu, 2006)."
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Bio Ethics & Globalization, 2006.
A discussion regarding the contentious issue of stem cell research.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at stem cell research and the possibilities it holds for human development. The paper reviews the issues surrounding stem cell research and discusses both arguments for and against this science. The paper further discusses the impact that globalization has and will have on scientific development.
From the Paper
"This debate has been taken to a higher level as President Bush was required to take a stand in the matter. However, due to the fact that the debate became political, it demanded a wider approach and therefore the attention focused on the issue of abortion and the presidential opinion on the problem. Practical issues such as vote numbers make a clear position to be highly improbable. The issue of federal funding of the research was somewhat dealt with by Bush who in the end, after a thorough analysis of the different points of view, decided that "Embryonic stem cell research offers both great promise and great peril. (...)This year, your government will spend $250 million on this important research. I will also name a President's council to monitor stem cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to consider all of the medical and ethical ramifications of biomedical innovation." (The White House, 2001)"
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Mysteries of the Universe, 2006.
A review of science versus religion, as a tool to explain the mysteries of the universe.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues of science versus religion when trying to unlock the mysteries of the universe. According to the paper, religion and science are often at odds, especially regarding core issues such as the nature of time, the origins of humanity and the nature of religion itself. The paper goes on to discuss how, rather than be at odds with one another, science and religion should cultivate a shared interface, complementing each other in their mutual endeavors.
From the Paper
"One of the most pressing questions in both religion and science is the nature of disease. Geneticists have been trying to unearth so-called founder mutations: one original genetic mutation that subsequently caused generations of people to carry and/or suffer from a serious illness like sickle cell anemia. Unlike many other mutations, founder mutations can be traced to one original ancestor. The discovery and study of founder mutations allows anthropologists to research the general patterns of human migration, providing a more complete understanding of history. Religion views genetic mutations in a different light. Many fundamentalist Christians, for example, might propose that disease is God-given. Yet if Mary Schweizer, an Evangelical Christian scientist, can unite religion with science then anyone can. Her devotion to fundamental Christian thought is not at odds with her scientific endeavors, according to Yeoman. In fact, Schweizer views science as a spiritual endeavor, as a means to discover the meaning of life, death, and seeming anomalies. Religion and science share common goals and objectives even when their theoretical underpinnings are in conflict with one another."
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Mapping the Gene, 2007.
This paper explores the impact of the genome project on drug design and discovery.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the advances made as a result of the mapping of the human genome are substantial in medicine and most specifically, in pharmacology. The paper explains that the traditional "trial and error" methodology of medicine discovery of the past century has ended with the new methodology being that of creating drugs to design. The paper looks at the scientists' accomplishments and their tests on animals and humans.
Outline:
Introduction
Searching the Public Genome Database
Using Microarrays to Narrow the Options
Identifying and Isolating the Drugs
Testing on Animals
Testing on Humans
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1998 a team used the reasoning of other drug companies who have "often found new medicines by seeking compounds similar to ones they already know, and since most pharmacologically active compounds are based on proteins" or in actuality "chemicals manufactured naturally from genetic instructions" to attempt improvement on the drugs used for lower blood-pressure which are known as 'ace inhibitors'. The researchers went to work and "plugged in some genetic sequences found in the gene for ace and came up with 10,000 genes that might have comparable activity." (Lemonick, 2001)"
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Food Biotechnology, 2007.
This paper presents a critical review of literature related to food biotechnology.
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This work examines specific issues in food biotechnology today. The paper discusses which agencies are responsible for regulation of food products and what this regulation involves. Also discussed are the products that food biotechnology has enhanced. The author notes the consumer's potential unease with food biotechnology, and cites education as helping the public overcome this mistrust. The paper includes an extensive literature review.
Outline:
Introduction
Specific Requirements for Food Additive Ingredients
Food Biotechnology is not New
Consumer Doubts
Issues Management Plan
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the work of Sally L. McCammon, Science Advisor to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service for the U.S. Department of Agriculture: "If genetically engineered organisms are to gain greater acceptance, decisions that address concerns associated with the application of biotechnology to agriculture must be science based. Science also must be the base by which regulatory officials can sure and build upon credibility, remain current and assure a rational basis for decision-making." (1999) McCammon states that the science-based assessment means that "the review of any particular product is done using scientific criteria relevant to that product. Advances in biotechnology -- being able to determine what has actually happened at the molecular and biochemical levels -- have increased the ability of regulators to scrutinize product safety and the effect of product modification upon safety. The scrutinies of certain products and the rigor by which evaluations are performed have also increased due to biotechnology." (1999)"
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Biotechnology, 2007.
This paper describes the growing high-tech biotechnology industry and its accomplishments.
1,836 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper defines biotechnology as the application of technology, especially genetics, to industrial or manufacturing aspects of life sciences. The paper describes the history of this industry and its global successes. The paper discusses how biotechnology promises to feed the world, reduce environmental harm and expand agricultural markets and production possibilities. The paper concludes that probable judgment on the acceptability of biotech products by consumers will still have to be rendered on this vastly-untried field.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
History
Market Structure, Income Statement and Economic Efforts
Forecast and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Technology is the application of a scientific method and scientific knowledge to industrial or commercial objectives (Hand 2002). Biotechnology is the application of technology, especially genetics, to industrial or manufacturing aspects of life sciences. Biotechnological applications include the production of drugs, synthetic hormones and bulk foodstuffs; the bio-conversion of organic waste; and the use of genetically altered bacteria. Because it possesses intensive investment in research and development, a crucial role for knowledge capital in creating value, and high growth opportunities, biotechnology is classified as high-technology (Hand)."
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Fear and Anxiety in the Canine, 2007.
A discussion on the pharmacological treatment of fear and anxiety in canines.
3,974 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines can range the entire spectrum from mild to life-threatening conditions. The paper discusses the help that pet owners, military and police dog handlers, veterinarians and others concerned about the welfare of their animals will need when confronted with these types of conditions in their household dogs and other canines. The paper provides an overview of the problem including causes and symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines, followed by a critical analysis of the current and peer-reviewed literature concerning the pharmacological treatment of these disorders today. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion.
Outline:
i)Introduction
ii)Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Causes and Symptoms of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Pharmacological Treatment of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Table I
iii)Conclusion
iv)References
From the Paper
"From a clinical perspective, Sher and Trull (1996) note that there are a number of naturally occurring behavior disorders that are typically treated in veterinary practices that may have relevance to a number of human conditions; these conditions include, but are not limited to, stereotypic disorders (e.g. excessive grooming), aggression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders. These authors add that researchers generally use a wide variety of experimental manipulations to induce specific signs and symptoms or more complex syndromes in animals that have some similarity to human psychopathologic phenomena with the majority of these behavior disorders in animals (Sher & Trull, 1996)."
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Thomas Hunt Morgan, 2006.
A review of the life and work of Thomas Hunt Morgan.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Thomas Hunt Morgan. According to the paper, Morgan was an American pioneer in the fields of genetics and embryology. The paper discusses Morgan's studies of mutation in Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly.
Outline:
Early Influences
Work in Embryology
Drosophila
Recognition and Continuing Influence
From the Paper
"The early 20th century ushered in considerable interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and Morgan was no exception. While Morgan agreed with evolution as a given, he wanted to know more about how natural selection occurs. The future Nobel Prize winner was interested in further explanations on the role of heredity in the transmission of variations among the species."
"Morgan was also interested in the work of geneticist Georg Mendel, who studied chromosomes. In 1910, Morgan publicly disagreed with the prevailing notion in embryology, that a fully-formed adult was already locked inside the ova or sperm cell. Rather, Morgan argued that there was no single chromosome that guaranteed the heredity of specific traits (Shine and Wrobel 1976)."
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The Burned Hand, 2007.
This paper discusses the nervous responses and associated system interactions when a hand is burned on a hot stove.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that even brief heat of more than 120 degrees Fahrenheit, when applied to the skin, will cause damage to the cells in that skin. The author points out that, at the time the skin receptors signal the brain that a burn has occurred, the hand instinctively draws back from the source of the heat and the muscles in the hand contract upon realizing an injury has occurred. The paper relates that the spinal column and the brain act as the control center for the entire body sending and receiving signals from the control center to different areas of the body.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Scenario
Overview of Burns as per Medical Classification
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
Figure: Skin's Anatomy and Function
The Epidermis and Dermis
Skin Hot and Cold Receptors
Figure: Flowchart for Body and Brain Process at the Time Hand is Burned on Stove
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of a third degree burn the full layers of skin are affected and will appear white or charred and very deep burns will leave bones and muscles exposed needing specialized treatment and possibly grafting of skin to prevent scarring. These are the three burn types that might be dealt with in this scenario however only in some extreme accidental hand on the stove scenario would a third degree or even second degree burn be applicable."
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Cloning, 2007.
An argument in favor of cloning for the medical benefits that it can provide.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an argument in favor of cloning. The paper discusses the cloning of cells, tissues, organs or an individual, which is performed deliberately by human effort. The paper suggests that it is this type of cloning that holds the hopes of the medical future and that can positively affect a variety of other areas, despite the risks critics fear.
From the Paper
"Cloning can also be used for applications other than those that directly affect humans. Endangered species are another category that can benefit from cloning technology, and further supports the argument that this is valuable technology. In 2004, male and female clones of African wildcats were successfully mated to produce eight kittens, the first time wild species clones had been bred. This project was sponsored by the Audubon Nature Institute in New Orleans ("Clones Cloning Around") and is only the first step in a technology that could save some of the world's most endangered species. Hundreds of endangered species could be saved by this technology, perhaps brought to a point where they could be reintroduced into the wild."
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Bioinformatics Search Engine, 2007.
Describes the Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent, a research project developed under the guidance of one of Western Washington University's biosciences professor.
959 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a recent initiative of the The National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is a national resource for molecular biology information. The project is known as Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent. This web-based search engine browses and does periodic searches of the protein databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool or BLAST. The writer describes the benefits of this project, which include its interfacing with the NCBI BLAST and the continuous updates and enhancements done by NCBI on the system.
Includes Charts:
Chart - Content of Protein Sequence Databases
Fig. 1 - General Subsequence and Database Input Area
Figure 2 - Options for Advanced BLASTing Input Area
Figure 3 - Format input area for report outputs
From the Paper
"The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families. The summary of the Content of Protein Sequence Databases with the sequences they contain are as follows: (NCBI, 2006)"
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Plants, 2007.
This paper explores the structure and function of plants, including the root, stem, flower and seed system.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how plants not only provide pleasing scenery but are essential sources of food and oxygen too. The paper describes how the seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. The paper discusses the plant's two organ system; the shoot and the root system. The paper relates that leaves contain the chlorophyll and are the most important part of the plant when it comes to photosynthesis. The paper points out that flowers are not part of every plant, but when they are present they have reproductive organs.
Outline:
Introduction
Structure
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The plant gets its beginnings from a seed. The seed develops from an ovule after a fertilization process has taken place. Plant life begins much in the same way that human life begins. Each seed includes an embryo, a food source and a protective outer coating. It can lay dormant for a period of time before germination occurs (Plant structure
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/summary.html). The structure of the plant system is very similar to the human system when it comes to the necessary elements for pollination and reproduction."
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Planktonic Animals, 2006.
A discussion regarding planktonic animals.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at a vast diversity of animals and organisms that inhabit sections of bodies of water, oceans, seas and other known bodies of fresh water. The paper focuses specifically on plankton and zooplankton. The paper then lists various examples of zooplankton and taxonomy.
Outline:
Plankton
Zooplankton
Examples of Zooplankton and Taxonomy
From the Paper
"The most common among freshwater zooplanktons are four major groups of animals: protozoa, rotifers, and two subclasses of the Crustacea, the cladocerans and copepods. The planktonic protozoa have restricted locomotion. They lack the mobility to actively swim. But the rotifers, copepod microcrustaceans and cladoceran, and specific immature insect larvae usually move lengthily in dormant water. Many pelagial protozoa are meroplanktonic, their lifecycle as planktonic animals usually occurs only during summer season. These forms expend the remainder of their life cycle in the sediments, often enclosed throughout the winter period. Bacteria sized water element are common food of many protozoans. Most of the known rotifers are non-predatory. They feed on bacteria, small algae, and other organic matter. Crustaceans are invertebrates that live in water as well as on land and can vary from microscopic to sixty centimeters. They are a large group of arthropods which is around 55,000 species. The most common among crustaceans are lobsters crabs shrimps and barnacles."
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