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Microbial Diversity, 2008.
This paper explores microbial diversity and its effects on aquatic ecosystem function.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews past and present literature on microbial diversity, bio-geochemistry and how they are interrelated. The paper provides a short overview on diversity and the aquatic ecosystem and reviews some of the new techniques in measuring microbial diversity as well as some of the disadvantages of these techniques. The paper discusses the biogeochemical processes and presents studies that link diversity to the overall functioning of the system.
Outline:
Introduction
Biodiversity
Aquatic Ecosystem
Measurement of Microbial Diversity
Trophic Interactions in Aquatic Systems
Biogeochemical Cycling
Diversity and Aquatic System Functioning
From the Paper
"Although microorganisms are barely visible in the aquatic system, they play a very important role in the processes occurring in the system be it in the food web or in nutrient cycling of the system, also called biogeochemical cycle. According to Kiorboe (1993), the majority of the biological activity in pelagic systems are performed by microorganisms smaller than 100 m. Larger organisms, on the other hand, play a very minor role in the nutrient and energy cycling of the system."
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"The Naked Ape" and Morris' View on Imprinting, 2008.
A review of Desmond Morris' views on imprinting as discussed in "The Naked Ape" and a comparison of his views with those of L. Salk.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the third chapter of Desmond Morris', "The Naked Ape," as it relates to the development of human children. It discusses the content of the chapter under discussion and describes Morris' view on imprinting. The paper compares Morris' view with that of L. Salk and his strong case for imprinting. It concludes that these individuals are very similar, but their methods differ.
From the Paper
"In the end, Desmond Morris relies heavily upon the work of Salk in the third chapter of his book. Instinctively, I am inclined to think that Morris is correct in dismissing left-handed cradling; I am also inclined to think that the matter is more complicated than he acknowledges - especially given the findings of later research. Fundamentally, I prefer Salk's findings to Morris' simple regurgitation of them; by engaging in original research, Salk gives his conclusions an authenticity that Morris does not. Furthermore, Morris' refusal to cite studies supporting the arguments of critics insisting that left-handed cradling is caused by "right-handedness" in society leaves the reader with the impression that he erected a "straw-man" so that his own argument would be strengthened."
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Infanticide: Overview and Analysis, 2008.
The author of this paper discusses both the social consequences of infanticide in traditional third world countries and the social acceptability of neonatal euthanasia in Western cultures.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social consequences that will result in traditional third world countries from gender imbalance due to a bias in male children, sex-selective abortion and female infanticide. Furthermore, the paper discusses the modern Western issue of the killing of infants who suffer from incurable illnesses. Specifically, the paper assesses the social acceptability of some nations in Western Europe that have in recent years attempted to enact legal protocols for neonatal euthanasia, by which the most severely ill infants may legally be killed following consultation between physicians, parents, and authorities.
From the Paper
"In contrast to the problem of mass, sex-selective infanticide in traditional cultures, in the West the issue of the killing of infants who suffer from incurable illnesses has recently arisen. It is important to clearly distinguish such euthanasia from infanticide proper, although opponents of such euthanasia are likely to argue that the distinction is not valid ("Outrage," 2004). In fact, euthanasia of both the elderly, the incurably ill, and infants (especially newborns) with incurable illnesses has taken place as long in Western nations as it has in other cultures, but only in recent years has it become a matter of controversy. One example of the controversy coming into a public debate is in the Netherlands, where in 2002, medical doctors from the University of Groningen working in cooperation with state prosecutors worked out what has come to be known as the Groningen Protocol, a set of guidelines for physicians treating severely ill infants who may not be capable of survival. According to these laws, physicians, in consultation with the infant's parents, social workers, and prosecutors, have the prerogative of making a decision concerning euthanasia in select and clearly limited situations. Of approximately 200,000 children born in the Netherlands annual, it is estimated that 600 of the most severely ill may be subject to physician-assisted euthanasia (Verhagen & Sauer, 2005). Whether this new attitude toward neonatal euthanasia will prevail and become more widely accepted remains to be seen."
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An Aquatic Ecosystem, 2008.
Looks at the food web of an aquatic ecosystem.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an aquatic ecosystem located in a botanical garden in which dragonfly larva eat stickleback fish, which eat daphnia. The author describes the dragonfly larva, the stickleback fish and the daphnia and points out that the actions of these three entities in this aquatic ecosystem transfer nutrients into energy as they move through the food chain. The author concludes that the presence of predators has an effect on the morphology of each of the species and any changes in their behavior affects the environment as a whole.
From the Paper
"A study by Arnqvist and Johansson (1998) considers ways in which the dragonfly larva may show the effects of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, meaning that the form of the insect based on environmental considerations, one of which is the action of predator-induced defenses in prey. Predation is known to affect the phenotypic expression of a wide range of traits in a way that reduces the impact of predation. Most studies have examined traits that exhibit switched plasticity and usually do not examine the ontogenetic growth trajectories of defense structures."
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The Neanderthal Problem, 2008.
A analysis of the relationship between early homo sapiens and the Neanderthals.
1,011 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a number of the dominant theories concerning the nature of the relationship between the ancestors of modern humans - early homo sapiens or "anatomically modern" (AM) populations - and the distinct species of the "homo" genus known as the Neanderthals. The paper then examines the fate of the Neanderthals. The paper focuses on the two main groups of theories: replacement theory and the interbreeding theory.
From the Paper
"It should be noted, however, that there is as yet no definitive conclusion to the "Neanderthal problem" as scholars and researchers in a range of disciplines from archaeology to bio-genetics argue about the complex issues in this debate. It is clear that AM populations who comprise the ancestors of modern day humanity likely played some role in the extinction of the Neanderthals, given the coincidence of their settlements in the archaeological record, as well as similarities in their cultural technologies. This being said, however, the question of whether early humans replaced Neanderthals - who became extinct through natural processes or violence - or absorbed them through interbreeding, remains an open subject of debate to this day."
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The Origins of Life, 2008.
Looks at the origins of life on earth and the implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the search for life beyond this planet must be built on a solid understanding of how life managed to emerge on Earth. The author examines the development of extraterrestrial theories about the origins of life by beginning with an examination of previous theories of origin. The paper then presents current research and the empirical basis for current theories with implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. The author also offers some possible avenues of future research and examination, which could help refine the understanding of the origins of life in the universe.
From the Paper
"In fact, the presence of a liquid like water seems to be the only major prerequisite for the development of life. Without a liquid, the complex chemical reactions required for the emergence of life are presumed impossible. But, that's not to say that the liquid in question must be water. Many researchers are exploring the possibility of life developing in more unorthodox liquids, such as methane, ammonia, or even sulfuric acid. Life on earth may have simply developed to take advantage of the very abundant liquid water; water's presence may have only been happenstance."
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The Doll-Maker, 2008.
A creative short story about the growing "designer baby" craze.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a fictional story about a couple going to a clinic to have their baby designed. The paper describes the drive to the clinic of the couple, Jim and Nancy, noting that they are both quiet on their long drive to see the doctor. The paper relates that Jim realizes he was scared about the doctor and, maybe just a little, about Nancy, as well. The paper then relates that Jim wanted a baby, just not the baby that was now being built piecemeal by his wife.
From the Paper
""I'm fine," Nancy said. She was wearing sunglasses and Jim couldn't be sure if she wasn't looking at him out of the corner of her one eye. "Just keep your eyes on the road, hun'; we don't need an accident." From where he sat, Jim thought he saw the faintest flicker of a smile, but he really couldn't be sure. To be honest, she rarely smiled anymore."
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The Biological Basis for Personality, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of environmental cues on the genetic predisposition of personality development.
2,561 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper is based on the premise that personality development is affected by the environmental cues an individual experiences throughout his or her life, within the confines of the genetic predisposition. It analyzes this perspective by focusing on two critical points. It discusses that there is an emerging consensus as to what constitutes the fundamental dimensions of personality traits and it suggests that these traits have a strong biological and evolutionary basis.
From the Paper
"Though it can be difficult to accept from a philosophical perspective, the evidence gleaned from several large twin studies clearly concludes that genetics plays a significant role in determining personality, accounting for roughly two-thirds of all observed personality differences. With such a significant influence, it becomes evidence that the role of the environment is greatly diminished and likely only affects how biological personality traits will express themselves, not which traits will develop. From a practical perspective, this means that clinicians must shift from an environmental control model of treatment to one that more fully addresses the basic biological underpinnings of personality development and personality disorders."
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Delicious Fruits and Natural Seed Dispersers, 2008.
A research paper carried out on an evergreen shrub.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research study carried out on an evergreen shrub belonging to the Rubiaceae family. The hypothesize states that the color of these drupes in relation to the foliage has some significance, either to ecological factors or the fruit-eating animals that carry out seed dispersal. The paper examines various factors related to fruit conspicuousness and refers to similar experiments, but does not produce any conclusive results.
Outline:
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"In order to distinguish the degree of colour difference between the foliage and drupes, a system of quantitative colour analysis must first be developed. Although basing this system upon human colour vision may seem a commonsense idea, it is important to remember that the animals which feed upon Coprosma petriei may have different visual spectrums than humans. If we are to narrow down the ecological and animal-related factors that may influence fruit colouration, it is important to include those light spectrums used by the birds and lizards which commonly consume and disperse this seed. Thus, a proper method of reflectance spectroscopy should be applied to gauge colour variations in the drupes, leaves and bark of Coprosma petriei."
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The Global Food Market, 2008.
This paper explores the issue of excess foods on the market by discussing the world food trade, dumping and biofuels.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems that arise with the inexpensive foods that flood the market. The paper first explains how the global food trade can have a negative effect on the agriculture in developing countries. The paper then discusses the possibility of using crops for biofuels and examines the benefits and drawbacks of this solution. The paper concludes by stating that just continuing with the situation as usual is not an option.
From the Paper
"The concept of food trade seems such a simple one on its face. All people must eat in order to survive. If people have a surplus of food, it is better than if they have only a subsistence level of food or an insufficient quantity of food, no matter where that food comes from or what type of food is being produced. Inexpensive food is always better; lower prices mean more people spend less on food and quality of life improves all around. Global trade is better for the food trade because it keeps food prices lower. Finally, more land has to be dedicated to food production. All of these things seem simple and true on their faces, but how reliable are these statements?"
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Human Egg Donation, 2008.
Examines the ethics of compensation for human egg donation.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the combination of deep-seated emotions, cutting-edge technology and huge amounts of money has made the supposedly intimate act of creating a child into a serious multi-national industry. The author of the paper points out that the growth of "the baby business" raises serious ethical concerns and then relates arguments for and against the practice of compensation. The author also points out that the obvious fear is that women will be exploited for their reproductive potential. The paper urges the creation of more federal regulations to adjust the various competing interests that weigh on this procedure.
From the Paper
"Critics charge that the payment of large sums of money amount of "commodification" of egg donation. This amounts to a label more than a sound objection. The market puts a price on virtually everything, and merely adding a financial element does not necessarily make something unethical. Perhaps the greatest need in this field is not control over payments but regulations to ensure that anyone agreeing to undergo the procedure is fully informed of the nature, risks, and potential complication involved, and that reproductive clinics accept responsibility if complications develop."
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Effects of Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of smoking on the individual.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of tobacco's inculcation into mainstream culture and looks at the pleasure it provides smokers. The writer also discusses the health risks involved in smoking tobacco, addiction and second hand smoke. The writer maintains that organizations that are raising awareness about the dangers of smoking are no doubt creating a healthier environment for everyone. The writer then concludes that though quitting is difficult, every smoker should make every effort to break the habit. This step would not only benefit them, but also everyone they associate with, casually or otherwise.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of Smoking
Smoking and Health
The Allure of Smoking Tobacco
Heart Disease
Cancer
Addiction
Second Hand Smoke
Recent Government Reaction to Tobacco Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It could be argued that tobacco's colourful history is part of the substance's attraction. The first recorded European smoker was Rodrigo de Jerez, who was a colleague of Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the New World. Jerez started smoking cigars in Cuba. Having returned to Europe, Jerez lit a cigar publicly in 1493, which led to his imprisonment in 1493 by order of the Spanish Inquisition."
"Tobacco was initially slow to take over European consumers. It is believed that not until well into the following century that tobacco was brought to Europe from its native Americas."
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Oxygen Cascade and Disease, 2008.
This paper describes the lungs and how it functions, especially oxygen cascade, and its relationship to disease.
3,380 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.
Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."
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The Human Genome Project, 2008.
A look at how hominid evolutionary studies will be aided by the completion of the human genome project.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses recent discoveries in evolutionary studies, including the human genome project, and will speculate on the impact that these new discoveries will have on evolutionary studies. The paper concludes that we can look forward to substantial and possibly profound breakthroughs in terms of understanding what it is to be human, but warns that we should not expect to find the meaning of life with our microscopes.
From the Paper
"For example, since the completion of the human genome project, scientists have achieved another milestone: they have completed the genetic map blueprint of the chimpanzee. Due to the chimpanzee's close relationship to humans (in evolutionary terms), we now have the opportunity to better understand the evolutionary processes that have combined to create human beings. The scientific analysis has revealed that some 96% of human and chimp genomes are exactly the same. More important still are the insights provided by the differences between human and chimp genomes."
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Bones, 2008.
A look at the anatomy of the human bone.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the function of bones and identifies the five types of bones and their seven levels of bone structure. The paper looks at three types of bone cells and summarizes the most common medical conditions that affect bones.
Outline:
Introduction
Function
Bone Types
Hierarchical Organization of Structures
Bone Cells
Medical Conditions
From the Paper
"Bones also have a degree of toughness and elasticity that are required by their function. An examination of a bone structure will reveal that it is made up of two types of tissue. The first type of tissue is located on the external side and it is dense in texture and it is called compact tissue. The second type located internally is made up of thin fibres and lamellae, which are joined to form a lattice like reticular structure called cancellous tissue."
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