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The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster, 2001.
Looks at the problems and failures in the decision making process that led to the led to the Challenger space shuttle disaster.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"In order for the stakeholders in the shuttle program are to be satisfied that a disaster of the Challenger type will never occur again the decision making process that allowed the disaster must be explored. It is fair to state that certain kinds of decisions that stood on their own merit should no longer have credence.
In the broadest possible sense, despite the tremendous accomplishments of the engineers, scientists, and management involved in the shuttle program, the greatest mistake in respect to Challenger was enthusiasm. The groundwork for any project from ditch-digging to landing a rocket on the moon, must be laid with careful, methodical work that allows for no shortcutting..."
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Benefits of Space Exploration, 2001.
Examines significance of American program to human beings. Discusses history, scientific, technical, social, political and economic issues.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 21 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine whether space exploration has provided significant benefits to human beings. The plan of the research will be to set forth the scientific and historical context in which the American space-exploration program emerged, and then to discuss the scientific and technical issues relevant to it, as well as social, political, and economic issues. Controversy surrounds evaluation of the wisdom of the space program, and for that reason arguments both in favor of and against the concept and/or execution of the program will be identified. The evidence will be analyzed with a view toward assessing which judgment of the space program appears to be most valid."
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Black Holes, 2002.
A discussion on the existence of black holes.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how black holes are created. It studies the ideas of physicist John Mitchell, his discoveries and how Isaac Newton's physics ideas helped lead to his discoveries on black holes. It also covers white dwarfs (stellar corpses), the most famous being Sirius.
From the Paper
"The black hole was first named by the English physicist John Mitchell in 1783, more than two hundred years ago. But what are these black holes? Do they really exist? Based on planet movement studies made by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, John Mitchell deduced the existence of a force that made the Sun, the Earth, the Moon and everything contained in the cosmos."
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Life on Mars, 2002.
A discussion of whether there is life on the planet Mars.
942 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at literary and scientific documentation to assess whether the possibility exists that there is both life and an existing civilization in Mars and whether Mars is able to support human (or at least similar to the elements needed to support human living) life.
Outline
Introduction
Graham Hancock's "The Mars Mystery"
Summary of Scientific Speculations
List of Similarities between Mars and Earth
Evidence Supporting Life on Mars
Physical Structure and Composition of Mars
Chemical, Biological and Atmospheric Composition of Mars
Life is Possible on Mars
Civilization Existed on Mars
Space Missions and Probes
Space Mission/Programs Funded by Various Nations
Disqualification of Claims of Civilization on Mars
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These space probes and explorations about Mars brought about numerous information and even pictures of the planet's surface. However, it is difficult to obtain quality shots of the planet's surface because of its distance from the Earth, and accuracy and precision was sacrificed when information brought by these probes came into existence and knowledge of scientists and astronomers. One speculation that resulted from these studies and explorations is that aside from the possibility that Mars is capable of cultivating human life, there has been evidence supporting some scientists' claim that there existed a form of civilization in Mars."
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Earth and Mars, 2002.
A comparison of the two planets discussing whether Earth can become extinct the way Mars did.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper details the similarities between Earth and Mars explaining that Mars once had its own water cycle. The paper explains what an asteroid is and asserts that asteroids probably destroyed Mars. It speculates whether an asteroid can destroy Earth and discusses ways to prevent this from happening.
From the Paper
"A billion or so years ago, a frozen lake covered the plains that were alive. Most of the other volcanoes had stopped spewing gases, the temperature and atmospheric pressure on Mars were so low that ice from the lake surface sublimated. These formed into vapor without melting as water. The water vapor formed clouds that dropped snow onto the volcano's slopes. The volcano's magma chamber warmed the slopes enough to melt the bottom layers of the deep snow pack."
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Astronomy, 2002.
A study of the origins of the universe, the planets and stars, and a look at the astronomer's tools of trade.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores methods used by astronomers to measure the universe, the dual nature of light, origins of the universe and the solar system and types of stars. It also discusses planets and other celestial bodies.
From the Paper
"Another way to measure the universe is using shadows. Some astronomers observe "dark silhouettes cast by distant clusters of galaxies (Glanz,1999)" against the "cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) (Glanz, 1999)" The glow from this radiation provides a back light that helps measure the size of the shadows. The CMBR was formed back when the cosmos were only 100,000 to 300,000 years old. Because of the CMBRs' age, "everything in the visible universe lies in front (Glanz, 1999)" of it. When the radiation started out, it had hot temperatures due to the universe just being formed. However, as the universe expanded, the temperatures cooled. This gives astronomers additional information to aid them in their measurements."
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The Greek and Athenian Concept of the World, 1998.
This paper explores the ancient Greek and Athenian concept of the world order and the conception of the human scrutinizing of previous societal, bodily and philosophical inquiry.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the classic Greeks and Athenian view on the world around them. It describes the concept of the body, mind and inner self that lead to philosophical inquiry and questioning of the human mind and the resulting societies it created.
From the Paper
"Athens during the fifth century B.C. is often identified as one of the main sources of Western values and standards. Later Europeans and Americans regarded the Athenians as the originators of democracy, drama, representational or realistic art, history, philosophy, and science. At different times over the last 2,500 years they also attempted to imitate the "Golden Age" of classical Athens in everything from buildings to literature. Many U.S. state capitols and government buildings are modeled on the Parthenon or other temples. We still divide drama into tragedy and comedy in the same way the Athenians did. During some historical periods, such as the Renaissance, thinkers and writers made conscious attempts to return to the classical ideals in all areas of life, combing the works of Athenians authors for previously overlooked material in the quest to draw guidance and learn everything possible from this unique flowering of culture."
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Auroras, 2002.
A definition of the natural phenomenon - auroras, otherwise known as "Northern Lights".
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the term 'aurora' and explains what causes these luminous arcs and swirls of light to appear at different times during the year. It explains the difference between the auroras of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and the effect that the sun, in the form of solar wind, has on auroras.
From the Paper
"One of the reasons that the auroras seem so mysterious to us is that they are a product of magnetism, which is a force that most of us are at least generally familiar with but one that is also, of course, invisible. Because both magnetism and the plasma field around the earth (which is simply a cluster or layer of charged particles) are invisible, we cannot see the physical underpinnings of the auroras, making them seem highly mysterious to us."
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Discoverers of the Physical Sciences, 2002.
A paper which discusses how the discoveries of 6 scientists overlapped and influenced one another.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
A paper which considers how the work of Kepler, Newton, Copernicus, Brahe, Ptolemy and Galileo overlapped, how one discovery influenced another and how the work of these scientists helped form the foundation of modern scientific knowledge of the physical sciences. The paper studies the life histories of each of these scientists.
From the Paper
"Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at Padua, his duties included to teach the geometry of Elucid, and geocentric, astronomy to the medical students. However it is noted that he discussed more natural philosophy and forms of non standard astronomy, this was also carried out in a public lecture in reference to a New Star that had appeared, now known as Kepler's supernova. Galileo also wrote personally to Kepler stating that he was a follower of the Copernican theory, however there was no outward evidence of this until many years later (Field, 1995)."
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Astronomy and the Young Universe, 2002.
A discussion of the argument about the young universe and the mature universe.
3,480 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what the universe is made up of, its age, how stars are formed and what is the future of our solar system. It discusses the history of the exploration of the universe. The author explains how In this century large telescopes are set up, far away from city lights and traffic to gather the best data for studying the skies. A brief overview of the theories on the origin of the universe is also given. The author concludes that although new theories are constantly being proposed and science is constantly to answer the question "Where did we come from?" , until now, no answer has satisfied everyone.
From the Paper
"Man's fascination with the heavens is as old as recorded history itself. Astronomers from all civilizations-medieval to the present times-carefully observed the stars and their relative position in the night sky. Even in the medieval times, astronomers universally observed two features: that stars tended to drift westward with each passing night; and, despite this apparent movement, stars were always in a fixed position relative to each other. Anything that man could not explain, ending up fascinating him-as did the stars. It has been stated that when man loses his desire to explore the unknown, the human race will have sounded its own death knell."
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Heat Transfer and the Space Shuttle, 2002.
This paper was written to explain the Thermal Protective Systems (TPS) of the space shuttle to a non-scientific audience.
3,270 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the ways in which the shuttle is designed to overcome basic heat transfer problems during launch, orbit and re-entry. The main points in this paper are the active and passive systems in the TPS and the history of the shuttle design.
From the Paper
"10...9...8...Patiently the Space Shuttle waits on the launch pad...7...6... everything is in place...5...4... all functions are working properly...3... the conditions are comfortable on the coast of Florida, and the temperature is nice and warm...2...1... IGNITION! (Figure #1) The sudden burn of the rockets jolts the humongous craft to life. As streams of flame shoot out its lower portion, the craft begins to inch skyward. In no time its speed has increased, and it begins hurtling through the air towards its mission. While still inside Earth's atmosphere, the airflow over the Shuttle begins to warm the craft's surface, until it becomes "white hot." Then, the craft breaks free of the atmosphere's restraints, plunging into the freezing void of outer space. The Space Shuttle must be able to withstand these temperature extremes and still accomplish its mission objectives. After the mission, as the craft returns to Earth, it again encounters tremendously high temperatures as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere. The Shuttle encounters a lot of atmospheric resistance and slows itself down through this phase, then finally glides to a comfortable rest at Edwards Air Force Base in sunny Southern California, where the astronauts and craft must prepare to begin the process all over again. These intense hot and cold extremes drive scientists and design engineers as they work to control the internal temperature of the space shuttle throughout the various phases of its journey. They do this by using many creative systems such as specially designed tiles and radiator systems, to both reflect and radiate heat that would otherwise be dangerous to the craft and crew."
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Galileo Galilei, 2001.
This paper is about Galileo Galilei and his impact on history.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper details how Galileo Galilei affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
From the Paper
"Galileo Galilei was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a physicist who made several significant contributions to modern scientific thought. During his life, he made many scientific discoveries, often in contradiction with the centuries-old ideas of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. These contradictions led to great conflict with the Catholic Church; however, he emerged as a symbol to others who oppose unyielding authority and champion scientific progress. As James Reston's biography Galileo makes clear, Galileo is a historical figure who affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church."
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The History of NASA, 2002.
A discussion of the history of NASA and its current status.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of NASA from its beginnings and the political framework surrounding its genesis and the beginnings of the Space Race.
From the Paper
"Since the beginning of time, man has been an avid explorer. From exploring his nearby surroundings to traveling to the other side of the world to journeying to the stars, man has been on the move constantly. Mankind is a species of risk takers and curious about all that surrounds him. Before man's decision to fly to the stars, one of the biggest eras of exploration was the navigation and exploration of the seas and the inner continents they found themselves upon. Through all of the explorations, it has taken the political and financial backing of the many nations that supported these explorers. And what was the purpose of these explorations beyond curiosity? It seems that the political will of the nations encouraged these explorers to discover and conquer faster than the next nation. It was and still is a matter of national pride; more often than not, it was also a matter of national security, whether real or imagined. The history of NASA reflects this ideal; that exploration isn't always done just for the sake of discovery."
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Comets, 2001.
This paper is an in-depth discussion on comets and astronomy.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explores comets; the astronomical bodies made up of frozen gases and dust particles, which orbit the solar system. The author discusses how comets develop, their structure, their volatility, and the important role that comets play in the revolution of astronomy and cosmology. The paper also contains a detailed description of Halley's Comet.
From the Paper
"Comet structures are diverse and very dynamic, but they all develop a surrounding cloud of diffuse material, called a coma, that usually grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun. Usually a small, bright nucleus (less than 10 km in diameter) is visible in the middle of the coma. The coma and the nucleus together constitute the head of the comet."
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Space Race as Propaganda During the Cold War, 2002.
This paper details how the race to space and the moon was used as a show of military power.
3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper details of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and how and why it was a show of power and superiority. The author looks many different aspects of the space race including, its purpose, how it was used to show the other country its weaknesses, how it enabled both countries to explore the uncharted vastness of space and find for it new military and how they attempted to use the moon as the ultimate propaganda tool.
From the Paper
"Even though Sputnik had no direct military impact, it showed the progress of the USSR in science and military and prompted the US government to pay more attention to its own missile operation (McGhee 331). The media played a major role in spurring the government to take action. Sputnik was front-page news on all the papers and it had all of America wondering how something like that could happen without anyone knowing (Schefter 23). At first the US government was not impressed by the Soviet's accomplishments. President Eisenhower felt that the U.S. people had acted like children and that no response to Soviet actions was necessary (Burrows 200). He felt that the US needed to toughen up for a long war they may have in the future and did not see the US as being in any competition with the Soviets (Burrows 200). He even went so far as to congratulate the Soviets on their accomplishments (McGhee 330)."
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