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The Mystery of the Universe, 2002.
Presents a history of astrology, scientific discoveries and astronomers.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Scientific discoveries and tools have changed our knowledge of the universe over the years. With astronomers past and present, we have learned about the planet Earth, our Sun, and the planets that surround. This paper details the history of astrology, prominent astronomers, and the solar system.
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"Are We Alone", 2002.
Discusses the book "Rare Earth" by Paul Davies which explores the existence of other intelligent life forms in our universe.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 1 source, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In his book, Davies raises the really Big Questions like "What is life?" Davies goes on to state that "the origin of life remains a deep mystery." Davies' proposes that intelligent life could be relatively common in the universe. This book provides a solid overview of current knowledge and theory on extraterrestrial life.
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Astrology And Astronomy, 2002.
A discussion of the effects of astrology and astronomy on today's society.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
A 7-page historical survey of the bond of Astrology and Astronomy and how as the result of the scientific method that bond was broken and how both are still influencing us today.
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The Production of Space, 2002.
A look at theories of region and space in contemporary geographical thought.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Graduate level paper that discusses theories of region and space in contemporary geographical thought, from both a physical and human perspective. Focuses on human element in the definition of space, and modern technological capabilities for changing space and redefining regions.
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Heating Problems During Re-entry of Space Shuttles, 2003.
Analysis of space shuttle re-entries, focusing on the problems encountered by the Columbia.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
As the space shuttle Columbia began its re-entry into Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, it began to break up. While the exact cause of the shuttle break up is still being investigated, there are many theories being considered, many of which have to do with heating tiles under the shuttle. The paper examines the process of an air-shuttle's re-entry into the atmosphere and shows where things could have gone wrong with Columbia.
From the Paper
"In the final stage, the shuttle approaches the upper atmosphere and enters the ionization blackout. In the ionization blackout, hot ionized gases of the atmosphere surround the shuttle. This prevents radio communication with mission control for the about twelve minutes. At this point the shuttle is traveling at 17,000 mph. As the shuttle collides with air molecules, friction is generated which leads to surface temperatures of around 3000 F. The steep angle of re-entry ensures that most of the aerodynamic heating is directed towards the underside of the shuttle where the heat resistant tiles offer the greatest amount of protection. As the atmosphere thickens, the shuttle's thrusters are eventually switched off, at which point the shuttle's aerodynamic flight features kick in, and it can be flown like an airplane."
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Black Hole, 2002.
This paper attempts to dispel the claim that there is a growing black hole in our galaxy.
1,038 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper uses scientific data to support the claim that based on what is known by astronomers both about black holes and about our galaxy. The author finds that the scenario of a growing black hole is unlikely and would have already been discovered by multiple laboratories that exist to monitor our skies. The writer continues with a forecast of defense for which scientists are prepared in the event of the threat of a black hole.
From the Paper
"The Schwarzschild radius also helps marks the point at which the gravity is so great that no state of matter can withstand it. This distance falls at approximately a factor of twice the Schwarzschild radius; the exact value has not been determined. However, the effect of its gravity on distant orbiting objects remains unchanged. The gravity pull is determined as a force originating at and acting on the centers of the objects. When the star collapses into a black hole, its center of mass remains the same, thus having no effect on the orbiting objects."
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The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Missions to Mars, 2003.
Examines the justifications for the development of intelligent autonomous systems in space missions to Mars.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
Intelligent systems are becoming increasingly important in deep space missions, especially missions to Mars. This paper covers three intelligent technologies: (1) The intelligent space ship 'Deep Space One' and its autonomous navigation system; (2) The Mars global surveyor and the deep space terminal and (3) The 'Sojourner' and Rocky 7 and 8 rovers.
The paper includes illustrations.
From the Paper
"Deep Space One marked the first mission of NASA's New Millennium Program which is aimed at testing highly advanced technologies for low-cost planetary missions [3]. The key component being tested by the mission was its AutoNav system. AutoNav is made up of three main tools: the Nav Main (simply Nav), the Nav Executive (NavExec) and the Nav Real-Time (NavRT). Nav and NavRT have architectures very similar to those of expert systems where decisions are based on algorithms built on sets of well defined rules. As well its decisions are supported by information gathered autonomously. In that respect it is very similar to the path planning software used in planetary rovers, which will be discussed later."
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Cosmology, 2002.
Examining different theories about the age of the universe and how it all started.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some theories about the beginning of the universe and focuses on the Big Bang Theory. It explains that depending on whose research you follow, the universe could be anywhere from 9.5 billion to a few trillion years old. This paper introduces and discusses the Big Bang Theory, explaining how, according to the theory, the universe came in being. It then discusses the Redshift critique of the theory.
From the Paper
"In 1929, Edwin Hubble decided that because the light coming from most galaxies was redshifted, the universe must be expanding after exploding from an infinitesimal volume of superhot, superdense concentration of matter and energy. The explosion is called the big bang which propelled matter in all directions and at all speeds. According to the big bang theory, the farther away an object is from us, the more redshifted its light. Also, a greater redshift means the object is moving away faster than objects with less redshift. If the universe is not expanding, this cannot be true and the redshift must be due to other causes. An astronomer can tell how old the universe is by the rate of expansion. If the redshift is due to something other than expansion, nothing can be said about the universe's age. The old paradigm of a steady state universe suggests that the universe is a closed system, with matter and energy in a constant flux."
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The Cornell University Infrared Telescope Project, 2002.
This paper discusses the Cornell University infrared telescope project, which will be the world's largest infrared (IR) telescope, to be built at Llano de Chajnantor in the Atacama desert in Chile.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that there are many unanswered questions about the universe; therefore, there is a need for more powerful and better situated the telescopes as proposed by the Cornell University telescope at the Atacama desert in Chile where atmospheric conditions are superb. This paper explains that the astronomers and engineers at Cornell have devised a new design that they hope will provide more efficiency. The author points out that the new design allows the primary mirror to rotate in azimuth while a rotating Gregorian secondary mirror provides the primary mirror with a virtually unobstructed view of the source.
From the Paper
"Telescopes launched into outer space have captured public attention in recent years. The public may wonder at Cornell's choice to build a station on earth when advances seem to be in the sky with its advantage of greater 'height' and clearer view. It is true, of course, that observations at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths--such as the Atacama installation will perform--are far more easily made from space because of the absence of atmospheric interference. But, space stations are terrifically expensive, and the necessary limits on their telescopes' size places a huge constraint on their performance. Another important factor is that, in case of malfunctions, an earthbound telescope presents a great advantage. Thus, the search for optimal conditions on our planet has gone on for many years, and the Atacama Desert has become the astronomers' paradise of choice. The European Southern Observatory is already in operation there, and the United States' National Radio Astronomy Observatory will undoubtedly locate its new Millimeter Array there."
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A Look at the Big Bang Theory, 2002.
A study of the sources that support and question the Big Bang Theory of the beginning of the universe.
1,439 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer gives a background of the Big Bang Theory and explores the theory as an explanation of the beginning of the universe. However, since the 1940s and the introduction of this theory, scientists have raised questions as to the validity of the explanation and continue to research other ways in which the universe might have been created. The paper traces some of this research.
From the Paper
"One such area of research has been the model for the expansion of the universe and so for the Big Bang. One theory offered to explain this is the inflationary model, and over the last two decades what has happened to this model shows some of the ways scientific truth is pursued and fine-tuned. Alan Guth developed the idea in 1979 and wrote it in his notebook. Inflation was the name for the mechanism Guth proposed for igniting cosmic expansion and which might have operated for as little as 10-35 seconds. Still, it would have whipped up all the matter and energy in the universe and laid the seeds for galaxies and galaxy clusters in that brief time, and in that time the universe would have blossomed exponentially from as small as 10-24 centimeters across to perhaps the size of a pumpkin. Michael Turner of the University of Chicago describes inflation as "the most important idea in cosmology since that of the big bang itself.""
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The Planets, 2002.
A brief overview of the planets of Venus, Saturn and Jupiter.
3,221 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three planets namely Venus, Saturn and Jupiter and provides some factual information about them and their motion relative to earth. For each planet in turn, it provides information on the history of its name, examines its atmosphere and composition, missions to the particular planet as well as providing a comparison of the chemical and physical makeup of the planets with Earth.
From the Paper
"It takes Saturn 29.5 years to complete one revolution around the Sun. As it circles the Sun, the angle of the Saturn's rings relative to the Sun varies by 27.3 degrees. During this motion a very peculiar phenomenon is observed. Twice during the 29.5 years, the rings are edge-on to the Sun. Since, as seen from Saturn, the Earth appears not more then 6 degrees from the Sun, it too crosses the ring plane at around the same time. Since Saturn's rings are so thin, when they are edge-on to the Earth, they appear to disappear when viewed with a small telescope."
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"The Rocket Boys", 2002.
A discussion of H.H. Hickam's book.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discussion of H.H. Hickam's book. The dream of Hickam and his friends to build a rocket and have a place in the U.S. Space Program. How their rocket was built. Entry in the National Science Fair. Winning a gold and silver medal. The realization of his dream when he became a NASA engineer.
From the Paper
"THE ROCKET BOYS
Boys always dreamed of getting off the ground. Kites, model airplanes, balloons, whatever could me made in their rooms or the garage or the backyard that would soar and lift their imaginations. And then came the Nineteen Sixties, when the Russians were the first to put a man into space. Now, the dreams of boys were not a contest of one boy in one neighborhood against the other, it was Americans against the Russians. When Sonny's mother asked him what that news broadcast and the beeping sound was all about, he knew the answer right away. "I knew exactly what it was. All the science-fiction books and Dad's magazines I'd read over the years put me in good stead to answer. 'It's a space satellite, I explained. 'We were supposed to launch one this year, too. I can't believe the Russians beat us to it'" (Hickam, 1998 ..."
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Rise Of Muslim Science And Astronomy, 2002.
Traces the rise of Muslim scholarship from the 8th and 9th Centuries.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Traces the rise of Muslim scholarship from the 8th & 9th Centuries. Syntheses of existing astronomical traditions--Persian, Indian & Greek texts. Arab knowlededge of celestial world. Importance of Ptolemaic model for the planets. Establlishment of House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Islamic impact on development of astronomy & mathematics. Contribution of astrologers.
From the Paper
"The rise of Muslim science began after the life of the
prophet Mohammed and the beginning of Islam in the seventh century. The eighth and ninth centuries involved the period of consolidation of the Muslim people, and the real rise of Muslim scholarship occurred in the ninth and tenth centuries (Al-Daffa', 1977). The Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient near east, and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the eighth century onward (IAL). The unification of the tribes of Arabia into a powerful nation, including Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar, and Spain created a vast intellectual empire (Ead). However, the Greek legacy did not immediately dominate without a struggle with native ..."
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Creationism in Public Schools, 2001.
Discussing the controversial question about what theory of creation should be taught in public schools.
2,607 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This research paper explores the widely disputed concept of which forms of evolution, if any, should be taught in public schools. Did God create the universe, or did it stem from the Big Bang. What educators and school boards think. Current schools' policies are examined, and many experts' opinions are analyzed.
From the Paper
"Since Charles Darwin published his Origin of Species, a constant battle between creation and evolution has arisen. Darwin offered a new explanation of where man came from. He believed that humans, and all other living things for that matter, evolved from less complex forms of life, allowing only the fittest species to survive and adapt. Furthermore, evolutionists, the supporters of Darwin's theory, believe the universe was created in a massive explosion billions of years ago called the big bang. Creationists, on the other hand, believe that some higher power, usually God, created the universe as described in the Genesis chapter of the Bible. The debate over how the universe was created eventually spilled over into America's public education system, leading to a major controversy. Because of laws mandating a separation of religious beliefs and public institutions, like public schools, a decision on which theory of the universe's creation should be taught could not be reached. This poses a new question. To what degree, if any, should creationism and evolution be taught in the public schools? Based on current scientific evidence, waning public opinion, and the violation of the separation of church and state, it is negligent for creationism to have a place in America's classrooms."
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Cosmology and The Big Bang Theory, 1995.
Looks at the evolution of theories concerning the origins and nature of the universe.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Cosmology and the Big Bang Theory
Overview
Since the beginning of human history, there have been questions about where the "stuff" that composes our universe comes from. In cosmology, the study of the origin and evolution of the universe, theories are put forward to explain the known facts and assumptions about the stars and everything we know and sense.
There are "steady state" theories that propose that everything in the universe is pretty much the way it always has been. The steady state theory posits that the universe is contained within a "closed" system, and so the assumption could be made that the universe extends for a vast though finite distance in all directions. However, in 1823 a German cosmologist named Wilhelm Olbers asked the question, "Why is the sky dark at night?" Olbers ..."
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