| Papers [1-15] of 58 :: [Page 1 of 4] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 —> | Search results on "12TH CENTURY": |
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The 12th Century, 2004.
A discussion on society in the 12th century.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relations between the sexes, both within and outside the Church in the 12th Century. It uses the example of Pierre Abelard's writings to Heloise, to qualify points made.
From the Paper
"Most students of medieval history or theology know the story of Pierre Peter Abelard, a famous theologian and philosopher whose views got him denounced as a heretic in the 12th century. However it is not as a philosopher that he is best remembered, but his popular fame resulted from his tragic love affair with Heloise exchanging famous letters of love and suffering ..."
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Vedanta Philosophy of the 12 Century CE, 2003.
An examination of the transformation of the concept of the absolute, deity, God from the early Vedic period to the period of Vedanta philosophy of the 12 century CE.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a discussion concerning the transformation of the concept of the Absolute, Deity, God from the early Vedic period to the period of Vedanta philosophy of Madva in the 12th century CE. An examination of how the changing concepts of deity relate to the changing religious life of the people is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The Early Vedic was the period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities intermixing pastoral and agrarian economies. The Vedas are the earliest sacred literature of India. Composed in archaic, or Vedic, Sanskrit, they generally are dated between 1500 and 800 BCE; these Vedas were originally transmitted orally. According to Isherwood (1970), the Hindus consider the Vedas as being divine truth - truth known by men through experience of union with the divine in man; however, the Hindu attitude towards these sacred works is fundamentally different than that of the devotees of other religions towards their sacred texts: "The Hindus do not demand that the Vedas shall be approached in a spirit of uncritical faith. On the contrary, they insist that each individual must verify the truths taught by the Vedas through his own effort and practice, in his own life" (1970, p. 2930)."
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Tanchelm, 2007.
An analysis of who Tanchelm was and why some people during the 12th century regarded him and his followers as being heretical.
949 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Tanchelm preached in the Low Countries for five years before his death c1115 and how he was branded a heretic in the 12th century by the Utrecht clergy. It looks at how he was an itinerant preacher who wanted to further Gregorian reforms, how he was considered a threat to the clergy because he rejected the old established order, and how Tanchelm not only posed a threat to the clergy, but to secular authorities in the region as well.
From the Paper
"Tanchelm was disliked by the Utrecht's clergy because of his actions during the years 1112-1113 when he travelled to Rome to persuade pope Paschal II to transfer the maratime regions, (a quarter) of the Utrecht diocese, to the episcopate of Therouanne of the Kingdom of France under Louis VI. Louis initiated this move in order to weaken the clergy of Utrecht, who were partisans of the emporer Henry VI against France and the papacy. There was a new concern for the social implications of the gospel and a desire for more radical changes in the clergy and the relations between the church and lay society, coupled with stressing the apostolic ideal. This feature of 12th century heresies represented a reaction against the wealthy Church and a developing bourgeoisie during a time of rapid economic growth . "
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Hildegard of Bingen, 2003.
A discussion of women's place in 12th century Western society according to Hildegard of Bingen.
1,971 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
According to 12th century theologist, Hildegard, women were humans, certainly, but they were a sad and inferior brand of human compared to man, and it was their sad lot in life to suffer the consequences of the "Original Sin." In this paper, a thorough discussion of the interpretive essay, "Hildegard of Bingen: On Natural Philosophy and Medicine," is made and presented, along with the author's interpretation of the research. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Two concepts become abundantly clear after reading Hildegard's visions about natural philosophy and medicine: The first is that here we have one of the great women in history, a woman capable of organizing and capably administering a monastic complex for a large number of people, as well as orchestrating a means by which she could join the community of theologians who were permitted to write about what was important to them in the 12th century. The second concept is just how bad women had it in the Latin West during this period of history. The women's rights movement was not even a twinkle in anyone's eye yet, but Hildegard of Bingen managed to make a name for herself during a period in history in which the vast majority of women were consigned to dreary, short lives characterized by hard work, disease and hunger."
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Henry II and Thomas Becket, 2003.
An exploration of the nature of the great quarrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket in the 12th century.
2,123 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the ?great quarrel? between King Henry II of England and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, represents the most famous and well-documented church-state dispute in medieval England and how reasons for such eminence lie in its bloody and tragic end rather than in the quarrel itself. It contextualises the relationship between the medieval church and state by examining the nature of monarchial power and the religious dynamic of 12th century England. It examines the reasons for the dispute, the contemporary reaction to it and the repercussions.
From the Paper
"Before Beckets accession to Archbishop he enjoyed a great friendship with Henry. Becket?s appointment thus came as a result of this acquaintance, rather than his ecclesiastical background. Indeed Beckets only clerical position ? the Archdeaconry of Canterbury was of secular rather than ecclesiastical character. Furthermore, the reputation of Archdeacon?s in the twelfth century was far from sound ? ??they were given to extortion and injustice?? and Becket was reprimanded on more than one occasion . Conscious of the kings favouritism, combined with the thoroughness he attached to his jobs, it is possible that Becket set out to prove his ecclesiastical worth, having already proven his secular pedigree."
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Golden Age of Islam, 1994.
The social, political and military causes and the effects of the renaissance and the expansion of Persian culture and religion from the 7th century to the 12th century in Central Asia and the Middle East.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Beginning almost immediately after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 A.D., within the lifespan of a single generation the Islamic religion began a "jihad" (holy war) of expansion that was to embrace the whole of the Middle East outside of the core Byzantine Empire. Within two centuries that expansion would extend west to the Iberian Peninsula, deep north into Central Asia, and east into the borderlands of the Indian subcontinent. It was an expansion driven, at first, by the Arab tribes allied directly to Muhammad. Very shortly, however, as those desert nomads absorbed centuries-old cultures into their new Muslim faith, a synthesis of dynamics developed to create the "Golden Age" of Islam. That synthesis was to become dominated by Persian culture (Saunders 187-198).
Reaching their height of home-grown achievement with the..."
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Romanesque Art and Christian Pilgrims, 1995.
Describes 11th Century-12th Century church-related art, architecture and sculpture and the role it played in pilgrimages and the advance of Christianity.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The term "Romanesque" was first used by nineteenth-century art historians to describe the church architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The word means "'in the manner of the Romans'" and referred to elements in the churches such as arched entrances, "pilasters, freestanding columns, and sculptural friezes" that reminded historians of classical Roman architecture.1 The term was retained, though it is considered somewhat inaccurate since many other styles contributed to the architecture of the period. The term has also been expanded to include the other arts. Architecture, as the dominant art of the period, "determined the form of sculpture, painting, and the cloister crafts" such as manuscript painting and work in precious metals.2 Much of the art of the period was either produced or sponsored by the orders of monks who directed the spiritual life ..."
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Sufism, 1996.
Origins, major ideas & importance of ascetic & mystical Islamic religion in society & politics of turbulent era in Western Asia from the 12th century to the 17th century.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper evaluates the importance of Sufism in the religion, society and politics of Islamic western Asia during the 12th through the 17th centuries. Sufism represented the tradition of Islamic asceticism and mysticism, the spiritual and intellectual foundations of which first developed in the 7th century and were firmly laid in the later years of the Abbasid caliphate (750-1258). During the period of political disunity which followed the disintegration of the great Arab empire, the Sufi brotherhoods played a significant role in the Islamicization of that empire and its conquerors and successors. Through its teachings and practices, Sufism became an important catalyst for the extension of Islam at all levels, especially in the conversion of infidels and the establishment of Muslim culture at..."
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The Motet, 1980.
This paper discusses the composition form of the motet in England from the late 12th Century to the early 15th Century: Relgious andsecular uses in England; eclectic nature; uses by composers in Gothic & Gregorian forms.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The following research is on the subject of the motet in England from the late 12th Century to the early 15th Century. The motet was a French form of the 13th Century and an isorhythmic form of the 14th and 15th centuries, but after that time it took on a broader meaning. Originally, however, a motet was a composition on a liturgical text for use in church. By the latter 13th century the term was applied to works with secular texts as well, including even those which used a secular melody as a tenor cantus firmus. In the isorhythmic motets of the 14th and 15th centuries the tenors were usually Gregorian melodies, and those motets retained the traditional characteristics of a liturgical cantus firmus, multiple texts, and strongly contrapuntal texture. The isorhythmic motet was a conservative form, and the general evolution of musical style during the late ... "
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Courtly Love, 2002.
A comparative essay on Andreas Capellanus' 12th Century "Treatise on Love" and the 14th Century Arthurian legend, "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight".
2,658 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the assertion that 'Courtly Love' is an idealized and hardly realized fantasy play of a misguided and inaccurate morality, quite opposed to the deep idealism of Sir Gawain. Throughout this essay, it is demonstrated that Capellanus? Treatise and Gawain?s unfaltering nature are conflicts of human behavior and human ideals ? the concept of the ?perfect? for which to aim in one?s own life, and rarely achieve.
From the Paper
"Courtly love is, in general form, a structured form of male / female interaction which was infused with a poetic, heroic, romantic idealism about the virtue of both the man and the woman. The core idea of Courtly Love, as defined by Capellanus, is that the woman (or Lady) should be worshipped, ardently pursued, and intensely desired. She is to receive this attention and devotion not because of an intrinsic beauty and nobility (read: only the members of the upper class were capable of Courtly love), but because she capable of endowing the male with virtue and honor because of and through her acceptance and faith in him. The Lady, then, is to judge her suitor upon the basis of his character, his noble deeds of gentleness and courtesy, his degree of chivalry, not his incidental qualities. In this dynamic, the Lady is obligated through her social responsibility, to accept the suitor if he can exhibit his worthiness. While Capellanus wrote his Treatise on Love in the 12th century, the fact that few major advances in social structure, politics, or religion had occurred in the three centuries previous or would for the next two centuries, it stands as a relatively accurate guideline of courtly love that persisted over those years. When the standards of Courtly love are applied to an interpretation of Sir Gawain and the Green Night, it is clear that this legend and the rather heroic requirements of Courtly love are indeed overlapped. Gawain is both a man and a Christ-figure, he is the ultimately honorable chivalrous man worth of the love of any Lady."
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European Towns in the 12th Century, 1991.
This paper discusses the emergence of the town and its role in strengthening the economy and social structure in Europe in the 12th Century.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will discuss the importance of towns in Europe in the 12th Century.
Generally, the emergence of developing towns in the 12th Century brought about a strengthening of the economy and the social structure. Commerce increased rapidly as a result, and "closely related causally to this increase in trade was a revival of specialized craftsmanship and the development of towns".
The development of towns, then, played a major role in a general revival of trade throughout Western Europe, and in the reemergence of an economy based on money.
Up until the time when towns began to develop and affect the course of the economy in Europe, trade had been stifled due to unstable routes dominated by warring factions, and by the simple ... "
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If Only There Had Been Prozac in 12th Century Denmark, 2001.
This essay examines the melancholy suffered by the prince in William Shakespeare's "Hamlet".
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
A detailed analysis of the mental condition of Prince Hamlet, including the symptoms present in the play, they're effects, and the implications. The author discusses Hamlet's fascination with death, his deep depression, and his frequent thoughts of suicide.
From the Paper
"The preponderance of evidence that has been displayed clearly points to the conclusion that Hamlet was indeed clinically depressed. The disease's onset is in the young adult years, it is disabling, resulting in a period of productive time lost, and it has social effects on the patient, as well as his family, as stated by the National Institute for Mental Health. One can also conclude that had his depression been diagnosed and treated, than the story of Hamlet would not have been a tragedy. He would no longer have been possessed by such handicapping self-doubt, obsessed with suicide and death, continually sad and unhappy and unable to make decisions. In fact, he would not have been the Hamlet that has been made famous (or perhaps infamous) by William Shakespeare."
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Golden Age Of Islam From 12th-14th Cent, 1996.
Historical, cultural & religious background & development of Islamic civilization in this era.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The 12th through 14th centuries C.E., or 7th through 9th centuries A.H., may be regarded as a cultural Golden Age of Islamic civilization, in which it took on its mature form. The people of the Islamic regions of the world had by this time largely converted to Islam, a process that took place largely in the tenth through twelfth centuries C.E. (Lapidus, 1988, pp. 174-75). Thus, while the Abbasid Caliphate had in its great age comprised a Muslim elite ruling over a population which still held largely to previous beliefs and traditions, by the 12th century the Muslim world had been transformed into a truly Islamic civilization.
These centuries were also a period of political fragmentation and relative weakness. They were the period of the Western intrusion known collectively as the Crusades, though from.."
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'Kingdom of Heaven', 2008.
This paper analyzes the film 'Kingdom of Heaven' directed by Ridley Scott.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that 'Kingdom of Heaven' is set in Jerusalem in the late 12th century when there was a fragile peace between Muslims and Christians. The writer maintains that rather than portraying religion as infallible as people believed in the 12th century, Scott uses a humanist approach in this film, as an example of the way things should be done. The writer discusses that the film advocates tolerance between people of different race and religions. The writer concludes that 'Kingdom of Heaven' is an enjoyable, entertaining film but also contains a deeper meaning that was intentionally included by Scott. This meaning is that tolerance and understanding are a key in helping change the unstable environment in the Middle East. Scott also shows that radical religious behavior is only detrimental to peace and serves as a catalyst for wars and conflict.
From the Paper
"In the film a bishop who is present for the speech yells that this is a blasphemous statement. In the 12th century this would certainly be considered blasphemy because it completely contradicts the entire principle of the crusades which was to recapture Jerusalem based on its holy value. Scott uses this humanist perspective to help highlight the problems religion can cause.
"Throughout Kingdom of Heaven, Scott's view of religion is apparent. Simply by showing the film with a humanist perspective, Scott is saying that religion can be problematic. Religion is one of the main themes of the film and the audience is presented with the characters of the film using religion as an excuse for anything. As with humanism, Scott's portrayal of religion being used as an excuse begins early in the film."
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"Courtly Love", 2002.
A look at William Shakespeare's use of the concept of "courtly love".
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ?courtly love? is a term that was retroactively developed to describe a medieval French concept known as ?Fin Amour.? It examines how this concept became widespread in the 12th century and referred to a code of behavior that was to formulate our modern conceptualization of chivalrous romance. This concept was reflected in Francesco Petrarch?s "Italian sonnets", which introduced the concept of lyrical poetry in the 14th century. It analyzes how by Shakespeare?s time, a renewed interest in medieval court behavior coincided with a growing interest in Italian ducal courts as depicted in "Othello", "Romeo and Juliet" and "12th Night". It also evaluates how Shakespeare?s sonnets, which differed from Petrarch?s format, invoke medieval romantic concepts of unrequited love and long periods of courtship while taking a more humanistic approach to these themes.
From the Paper
"In that jealousy ultimately destroys Desdemona and Othello, Shakespeare?s portrayal of love is ultimately a tale of how people shouldn?t behave when they are in love. The way that the ill-fated couple conduct themselves before they leave Venice is essentially anti-social: when they secretly marry and elope, they implicitly reject the values of society and the desires of Desdemona?s family. Whereas a modern audience might see Desdemona?s refusal to respect her family?s wishes as a not to what were to become the cosmopolitan values of liberal, sexually and racially emancipated Europe, a Shakespearean audience would have recognized this action as a serious breach of conventional norms that characterized European society. "
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