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The Economic Growth of India, 2008.
This paper analyzes the economic growth of India since 1990.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the early 1990s, India began to redirect its political and economic apparatus towards a more free-market orientation, which has resulted in a cycle of remarkable growth and expansion. The author points out that, beginning in 1991, political leaders ended the traditional License Raj economic model, which resulted in monopolistic behavior and stifled foreign direct investment. The paper relates that some of India's economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. The author points out that India deems all public expenditure to be development related and views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment. The paper reports that a value added tax (VAT), other tax code adjustments and a fully convertible currency were introduced.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Initial Reforms
Market Liberalization
Current Economic Status
From the Paper
"The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004 and this spending has continued to fuel economic growth. These large spending and investment packages are achievable because of the market reforms made during 1991. While much of India's population that exceeds 1b individuals is classified as impoverished, it still represents one of the largest tax bases in the world after China. Such a large potential tax base was going relatively untouched until 1991 when the tax codes and collection apparatus procedures were also reformed."
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Japan's Occupation of Hong Kong, 2008.
A discussion of Japan's occupation of Hong Kong in the 1940s.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.
Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."
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Prostitution in Thailand, 2008.
An analysis of how prostitution influences the social and economic systems within Thai society.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the culture of prostitution in Thailand and the failure of the officials there to prosecute or enforce the law with regards to prostitution. The paper aso discusses the economic impact of prostitution on the nation. In addition, the paper looks at the arguments for and against official recognition of prostitution and concludes that, according to this analysis, the problems of prostitution outweigh the benefits.
Table of Contents:
Sexual Mores and Practices, and Thai Prostitution
Economics, Gender Politics, and Prostitution
Devastating Effects on Thai Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prostitution in Thailand is semi-legal at present, with many people tolerating it and officials not prosecuting or enforcing the law regarding it. There are even some voices within Thailand that have called for an official recognition of prostitution so the sex tourism industry can be carried out in an openly legal manner. However, according to the arguments reviewed here, prostitution causes problems within the society by limiting the choices of women and child. Therefore, the problems of prostitution are believed to outweigh the benefits according to this analysis."
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Ideology and Value Change in Contemporary China, 2008.
A paper describing the ideology and development in the People's Republic of China
3,033 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to the rather negative predictions of Maurice Meisner (1999) and Minxin Pei (2006) concerning early 21st century development in the People's Republic of China (PRC) to reflect the actual results of a high-growth capitalism pursued by a still repressive state socialist regime. The author concludes with the statement that both Meisner and Pei seem justified in their discouraging assessments of the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Maurice Meisner on Social Values
Minxin Pei on Corruption
Consumerism and Decadence
Chinese Ideology, Social Values and Poverty
Wanderers and Vagabonds
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"When discussing capitalism, socialism and democracy, Meisner points out that the great majority of Chinese have benefited from post-Reform capitalism in better incomes, housing and spending power but this has been done at a price of terrific environmental destruction, bureaucratic corruption and indeed, peasant riots that occurred in different parts of the PRC through the 1990s. (Mao's China 532-533) There has been a rise in everyday crime including organized crime that has increased in both urban and rural areas. In 1997, the PRC executed 3000 convicts, more than the rest of the world's executions combined. (Mao's China 533) In the 1950s, the regime had worked to eradicate drug addiction and trafficking, prostitution, gambling and the activities of organized crime. Daniel Lynch commented on what he calls 'thought work' on the part of the CCP in 1980s campaigns against 'spiritual pollution' and a 1987 campaign against 'bourgeois liberalization', later crackdowns on book marketing, anti-pornography drives, and all towards a summary given by Lynch that in the 1990s this sort of effort had largely failed. (1999) Like Meisner and Pei Lynch rather expected a rise in the resentment of the dispossessed that might begin using Internet media to organize protest activities. (1999)"
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Identity Denial and the Canadian and American Japanese, 2008.
A discussion of the phenomenon of identity denial directed at Canadian and American Japanese.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines prejudice attitudes towards Japaneses Canadians and Americans. It claims that they often report experiencing estrangement and 'identity denial' by their fellow citizens. The paper draws upon history and literature to illustrate this phenomenon. It discusses the Japanese internment in the US during WWII, Sapna Cheryan and Benoit Monin's article "Where are You Really From? - Asian Americans and Identity Denial", and Joy Kogawa's novel "Obasan".
From the Paper
"Prejudice may still exist in Canada concerning people of Japanese descent, along with occasional prejudice faced by all newer communities, as may be part of the human process of resettlement, as in Irish immigrants or yore to face considerable ostracism as did members of some Eastern European communities. Early arrivals from China certainly faced ostracism and in central Canada report that they no longer feel a 'visible' minority, the community having developed over time its place in the mainstream, distinction remaining between persons of Chinese origin long established in Canada or those seen as recent arrivals. The point made is that some differentiation or exclusion may be part of the way of the world, more than overt racism, significant only if it produces direct abuse as opposed to exclusion. Then again Kogawa refers to a British Columbia where anti-Japanese and just anti-East Asian racism does seem to have been in place. World War II and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour had pitched feeling against a visible and concentrated community that was not well known to others and suspected of pro-Japanese sympathies. The day was one of racialist thought too, distinct from racism, and lingering belief in a 'yellow peril' resulting from unregulated Asian immigration. Films, hearsay and ordinary ignorance encouraged a generalizing of Asian peoples as though all engaged in secret society activities, in a Fu Manchu motif carried from people of one origin to another."
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Japanese Religious Ethic, 2008.
An analysis of the religious character of the Japanese in everyday society.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Japanese religious characteristics within the context of the rapidly evolving Asia-Pacific Rim in terms of culture and society. It discusses how Japanese society can be thought of as very religious to the degree that its religions are intertwined with its cultural roots, making them influential even if not consciously practiced. The paper also discusses how, politically, Japan has a tendency to restate history in terms that bring various elements of its society and culture into line with the official conception of homogeneity that is essentially a worldview based on Shinto heritage.
From the Paper
"Japanese cultural resistance to outside influence is all the more surprising given that it itself, though most Japanese would never acknowledge this, was formed through the amalgamation of various cultures and societies in the region. Japan is an archipelago or island nation which is a geography that is conducive to developing a variety of localized cultures and languages: "It cannot be denied, however, that, from past to present, Japan has come into being as a multicultural society through the complex interaction of various cultures...". The researcher intent on illuminating the religious character of the Japanese will understand this rational dichotomy between self-conception and actuality and use it to commercial or interpersonal advantage. "
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Imamura's "The Pornographers" and Japanese Culture, 2008.
A review of the psyche of the protagonist in Shohei Imamura's film, "The Pornographers."
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shohei Imamura's most well-known film outside of Japan, the 1966 film, "The Pornographers." It views the film from the perspective of a series of interlocking journeys through the psyche of the protagonist. The paper suggests that the journey that Imamura's protagonist takes through this often nonlinear narrative structure is what makes the story so compelling, both as a film and as an example of Japanese culture in the middle of the 20th century.
From the Paper
"The closure to Ogata's long and oftentimes nonlinear psychic journey comes when Ogata makes a life-sized "sex doll," at the cost of great time and effort, in a vain hope to cure his (no doubt psychologically-induced) impotence. This is a powerful image in the film, and shows as well as anything else the transformation of the character's inner obsession into outer, material manifestations. On the surface, it seems that Ogata has reached his final destination: in leaving the real world with real women, he continues to suffer from flashbacks and his lifelong isolation and masochistic traumas seem no closer to resolution. Yet he continues to manipulate his appetite for sex, as if Imamura were using Ogata to make the statement that such primal appetites are in fact fundamental and unavoidable. As he drifts out to sea in his boat, the audience must sense a new and final journey has begun."
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Women's Experience in Modern East Asian Literature, 2008.
An analysis of women's subjective experience in modern East Asian literature, particularly in Japan.
1,051 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in Japan, women's literature since the late 19th century, has had particular forms expected whereby the woman who writes from her heart and reports details of life is seen as less significant than the woman whose work somehow complies with established traditions of form, subject and genre. The paper provides examples from East Asian literature to support its arguments.
From the Paper
"It is as though women's subjectivity, in their authentic expression, must crack through barriers of slightly different kinds, as both societies need to take on a new understanding of how women fit into literature and ideas. In the meantime, a wise approach is one of reading Chinese or Japanese works by women as direct accounts, trying to put aside preceding forms, concentrating on what the writer is trying to convey, more than the nature of her environment or the social or political environment. One knows that the women, not the Chinese outlook or the Japanese society's sexism, will be seen as problematic, as is well understood by women writers in both countries. Whatever appears will be assessed in relation to how well it fits with a tradition to have gone before and with criticism likely of that which diverges. Many things have not been good about women's experience in modern China or Japan at different times or in particular situations. At the same time, many things have been appreciable, as needs to be kept in mind by non-East Asian readers who may be quick to criticize the societies described or the condition or women within them. It is tremendously important that women in both China and Japan be encouraged to express themselves, as individuals, so that women's literature in both countries can be seen for its different vantage points and ideas."
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The Hundred Flowers Campaign, 2008.
This paper explores the true motivations behind Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) in the Republic of China.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Hundred Flowers Campaign in the Republic of China and argues that, although the purported motivations were to strengthen socialism by encouraging criticism, the real motivation was to strengthen Mao's position by finding out who his enemies were, and eliminating them. The paper then shows how Mao achieved several political goals with his ruthless, clever scheme which he utilized to maintain his power.
From the Paper
"The Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) was a very atypical incident in the history of the Republic of China. On the surface, it was framed as an attempt by the rulers of the country, especially Mao Zedong, to facilitate free communication of dissenting ideas and criticism of the ruling Communist Party (CP). Clearly this was atypical, in that the CP prior to 1956, and subsequent to 1957, has been notoriously intolerant of criticism. The incongruity of this has prompted many to question Mao's sincerity. Was the Hundred Flowers Campaign a sincere attempt to enable the people to have a say in the running of the CP and the direction of socialism, or was it a cynical ruse to expose dissidents?"
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Poverty in the People's Republic of China, 2008.
An analysis of the implications of poverty in the People's Republic of China, particularly in urban areas.
4,089 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the poverty in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its implications. The paper particularly focuses on urban poverty compared to rural poverty and the general feeling among the people in PRC regarding the two. It then looks at the political repercussions of the poverty in the PRC and the repression of dissent with regards to the poor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Two Principal Opinions
Timeless, Ominous Signs
Urban Poverty
'Poverty Eradication' in the PRC
Political Repercussions of Poverty
Repression of Dissent and the Poor
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Dissent is alive and well in the contemporary PRC, much done to break up public displays of dissent, in very old methods of deterrence rooted in policing, courts and the prison system, presented to the literate public as ensuring safety when, in fact, assuring regime safety. Chinese to benefit from liberalization are rarely inclined to question what is occurring in the countryside, content to see the urban poor kept at bay. Many might regard the situation differently, as observed by foreign journalists, certainly, if able to recognize the potential threat of millions alienated completely from the economically advanced society, some able to draw parallels between the present and centuries of other Chinese misrule to perpetuate such disparities. As the topic of Chinese poverty indicates, democratization is not likely, any day soon, in the People's Republic of China. Indeed, policies and approaches of the state have systematically pushed millions of citizens beyond the existing political system, far from the ideals of inclusion and participation that might suggest a possible shift towards democratic institutions."
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The Economy of Malaysia, 2008.
This paper discusses the economic performance of Malaysia since 1997.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to the 1997/1998 Asian financial crisis, Malaysia's economy had been experiencing much of the same growth and expansion as most other Asian tigers. The author points out that Malaysia's reaction and recovery following the Asian financial crisis was unique because Malaysia refused to participate in bailout programs by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The paper relates that, in the aftermath of the crisis and in the years following, Malaysia reasserted political and governmental control over its economic structures by discontinuing its currency trading and instituting severe controls over its capital markets, which prevented the speculative action that led to the original crisis. The author underscores that, today, the government maintains a recognizable economic plan, which stabilizes the economy and the business sector, so that private and foreign investors can identify the country as a growth market that is attractive to investors.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Recovery after 1997/1998 Financial Crisis
Current Economic Status
The Future Economic Plan
From the Paper
"The Malaysian economy has suffered periodically since the Asian financial crisis from various geo-political events. However, as a testament to its innate strength it has weathered most of these difficulties. During 2003 following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Asia, the Malaysian economy still registered a 4.9% growth rate for the year (Rodan, 2004, p.112). Even during the outset of the Iraq War led and instigated the United States, Malaysia managed to quell any unease in its capital markets and in its business sector." i
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Inequality in Indonesia, 2008.
This paper discusses Indonesia and its record of inequality.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why Indonesia has historically lagged behind its Southeast Asian neighbors in reference to equality and human rights, since 1950 to approximately 1996. The paper blames the nation's geographically diverse and multi-ethnic character as an obstacle to equality. The paper also explains that Indonesia suffered greater political repression than most other Asia Pacific Rim countries and this contributed to its generally poor record on equality and human rights.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Ongoing and Persistent Issues
Developmental Aspects
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indonesia is the 4th most populous nation on the globe and among its many islands Java is the most densely populated island mass known (Foster, 2003). Although there are over 300 various ethnicities across Indonesia, its population can largely be divided into two broad categories: the Western half consists of Malay people which the Eastern half is a mix of Pacific Islanders (Smith, 2005, p.521). Additionally, because of Indonesia's historical trade relationships with China, there are long-established ethnic Chinese inhabitants that are often the target of ethnic and cultural bias. Indonesia's official language is Indonesian and is the lingua franca of the entire region bearing much in common with Malay although some areas of Indonesia still are dominated by other languages."
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Urban Pollution in Beijing and Toronto, 2008.
This paper compares the urban pollution problems of Toronto and Beijing by evaluating the consequences of different environmental forms and how each city is addressing this pollution.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Beijing is very much a heavy industrial city dominated by fuel and material processing facilities with a high population density although signs of western-style suburbanization are appearing. The author points out that Toronto, which is cleaner and less dependent upon massive industrial works, is well-known for carefully weighing the implications of various urban design proposals upon local communities and has a less dense population; however, this city has the problem of more local vehicles causing far too much greenhouse emission. The paper stresses that China is not doing its part to combat global warming. The paper concludes that Beijing's infrastructure pales alongside Toronto's because its mass as a global "mega-city" makes it difficult for city planners to construct a city capable of comfortably accommodating its population.
From the Paper
"At this juncture, it is appropriate to look more closely at Toronto in terms of its urban build form and in terms of commonplace life-style activities in the city that have some environmental impact. Unsurprisingly, the habitation density in the outer part of the city is much lesser than it is within the interior. The buildings are more widely-spaced and more diminutive in height; there are also many plazas and these plazas tend to have small retail stores within their embrace that accommodate almost all of the needs of a local inhabitant. Finally, there is plenty of "green space" in this area."
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China and the World Trade Organization, 2008.
A discussion of the controversial issue of China joining the World Trade Organization.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how China has been changing economically while trying to hold on to as much of the Communist system as possible, a delicate balancing act that raises the suspicions of much of the world while also creating a good deal of internal uncertainty. The paper points out that this is part of a modernization effort being carried forth not only by those within China or by her trading partners, but also by Chinese living abroad who wish to increase business for the home country or to develop China in a wide variety of fields, including the scientific, financial, artistic, tourism, and other fields. The paper maintains that part of this effort involves China joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both the possibility of China joining and the organization itself were the subjects of massive protests in this era of increasing globalization and remain so. The paper concludes that China's attempt to gain benefits while retaining autonomy in certain matters is a balancing act that cannot be maintained for long without political change.
Outline:
Introduction
The WTO
China and the WTO
Theoretical Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Chinese take the view that America is only harboring ill feelings about the emergence of a stronger and more prosperous China, and they believe that Washington's policy toward Taiwan is designed to obstruct China's reunification. They say that the Americans want to stop Chinese arms sales that are merely for commercial purposes while at the same time they are selling more sophisticated fighters and missiles to the unyielding Taiwanese. They also believe that the Americans use the human rights issue as a weapon to interfere in China's domestic affairs and undermine the Chinese government and note that the U.S. government created obstacles to China's entry into the WTO with the intention to weaken China economically, which has an effect domestically and internationally at the same time: "As the Chinese are sustaining their economic growth and rapidly improving their standard of living, their national pride is certain to arise" (Jisi 45)."
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Unilever's Project Shakti, 2008.
An evaluation of Unilever's new distribution network in India, Project Shakti.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at Unilever's Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) brand's new distribution network throughout several Indian states, known as Project Shakti. The paper explains that Shakti relies on an informal distribution network modeled after a micro-finance enterprise structure. The paper analyzes the project's competitive issues, including its consumer marketing, product/service innovation, marketing strategy and target markets. The paper concludes with a recommendation of how to expand the Shakti project.
Outline:
Abstract
Competitive Issues
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Unilever is one of the world's most recognized consumer product goods (CPG) companies with operations in every major region of the globe. In India, Unilever operates primarily under the Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) brand and is India's largest CPG manufacturer and specifically within the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) segment of the industry with revenues of $2.43b in India. While successful in the India market, HLL and its parent corporation are not content because competitive pressures from both local and international brands are forcing HLL to squeeze margins while lowering prices. Unless HLL is able to further penetrate its existing markets in India as well as enter and expand new ones throughout the country, these ever shrinking margins will lead to a lack of profitability and negative revenues. In order to enter new markets within greater India and to reach the rural consumer which is a largely untapped market in India, HLL is developing a sort of grass roots sales and marketing (S&M) distribution network throughout several Indian states known as Project Shakti."
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