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The Business Skyline, 2002.
This paper examines the development of skyscrapers or superstructures in two American cities: Chicago and New York City.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Chicago and New York City?s revolutionary skyscraper architecture. It explains the history of each city and emphasizes their development and planning. The paper illustrates each city?s history relating to its grid and individual events and explains how the skyscraper came into existence in each city and changed our urban world. The paper use historical illustrations and maps along with the written essay to describe the growth of skyscrapers in both cities
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. City Planning
III. Chicago?s Early City Planning
IV. New York City?s Early City Planning
V. How Skyscraper Height Evolved
VI. Skyscrapers in Chicago
VII. Skyscrapers in New York City
VIII. Skyscrapers Take Form
IX. Chicago?s Interior Form
X. New York City?s Interior Form
XI. A Final Thought
XII. Bibliography
XIII. Picture References
From the Paper
"Architecture is an interesting art form due to its strong ties with the construction industry, which in turn a product of the socioeconomic behavior of a society. One of the grandest architectural accomplishments is the design and completion of a superstructure, known as the skyscraper. Since the turn of the century, the city fabric of two American cities, Chicago and New York City, have been involved in a heated race towards the sky. These superstructures continue to grow in size and in number due to advances in materials, structural designs, and technology. The function of the skyscraper is to serve as a commercial purpose. As these buildings cast heavy shadows over the busy city landscape, people notice their dominance and power. To the general public, big is good; in terms of building, the taller the better. Many people agree, as well as deny, that the skylines of Chicago and New York City are similar. To expose which acquisition is true, one first needs to discover how the skylines of these two cities have developed."
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Architects and Modern Expression, 1998.
This paper looks at the modern expression of three architects: Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the 1950s of three separate architects by looking at their different views of modernism. The architects are Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas. Modernist, Post-Modernist, and Pre-Modernist concepts are examined, and the works and ideas of the architects are described in depth.
From the Paper
"In the 1950?s many architects were struggling for expression of Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas are three architects who each had different views in regards to Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi had a post-modern approach and believed in complexity and contradiction to create a new architecture. Peter Eisenman had a modern approach and used axonometric drawings and models to better represent architecture. Rem Koolhaas had a modern, pre-modern, and post-modern approach and looked at the problem of large. These three architects expressed their relationship to Modern Architecture differently."
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The Artist as Sculptor, 2000.
The following paper looks at Michelangelo's contributions to art and architecture and shows how he has exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Michelangelo's contributions as a sculptor and painter as well as his work as an architect -- which remains well known -- and as a poet, which is much less well known today.
From the Paper
"Unlike many artists who are not recognized until the very end of their careers -- or perhaps decades or centuries after their deaths -- Michelangelo was considered by his contemporaries to be the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and his reputation has been maintained ever since. There has never been a time when he was not held to be one of the greatest artists of all times and a number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence (Paoletti, 1997, p. 38). "
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Minarets in the Middle East, 2001.
The origin and importance of minarets in the Islamic world.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper tracks the origin of minarets in the Islamic world. It shows the meaning of the word "minaret" the placement and importance of minarets in culture, as well as architectural characteristics.
From the Paper
"There are many clues as to the origin of the word "minaret". It has been suggested that it comes from the Arabic root "nar", which means "place of fire and light". This is a correct assumption because, often times, the muezzin would carry a torch or lantern to light his way. This is supported by the definition for the Arabic word for "lighthouse" - manara (Bloom 9-11). In Aramaic, manara is translated as "candlestick" which would also be a sensible answer because minarets are often constructed as slim and elegant as possible to resemble candlesticks (Kjeilen "Minaret")"
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A Building is Not Just a Building, 2003.
This essay critiques the J. Paul Getty Museum design with reference to two journal articles.
615 words (approx. 2.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the differing opinions with regards to the J. Paul Getty Museum and the way it was built. Reviews from the Los Angeles Times and the Atlanta Constitution Journal contend that a building is not just a building. The two critics from the above newspapers agree and disagree with regards to certain points about the building.
From the paper:
"Ouroussoff writes in the Times:
"Of the two assessments, Ouroussoff?s seems by far the more accurate. From my own visit to the museum I must say that it seemed very much a premodern structure resting like a fortress on a hill from a time long, long before Frank Lloyd Wright would make so many people believe that glass was an acceptable material for walls and that white was the only color that one needed."
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Theater Acoustics, 2003.
This paper discusses what elements must be taken into consideration when designing theater acoustics.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses elements such as room size, room composition, room shape, and the location of the listener and sound source, when designing theater acoustics. Finding the ultimate impulse response with testing is also discussed.
From the paper:
?It has been considered that gross errors in concert hall design are rarely due to use of the wrong absorption coefficients, as most of the materials used are highly reflective. A theatre audience first hears sound generated from the source. Then they will hear attenuated bounces of sound off the walls. The sound is again and again reflected off the walls, resulting in total reverberation of the sound. In a large room such as a theatre, reverberation time can be as long as four seconds.?
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Ornament and Architecture, 2001.
This paper discusses the fusion of ornament and architecture.
2,465 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the works of Leon Battista Alberti, Adolf Loos, and Jennifer Bloome and compares and contrasts their opinions on combining different forms of art and architecture. It also examines why it is important for architecture to be aesthetic and practical.
From the paper:
"According to the AOL World Book Encyclopedia?s definition of
architecture, architecture is an art form like painting or poetry writing. However, architecture is not entirely like these arts in its practice. The World Book states one of the essential differences between architects and other artists is the fact that while other artists have a certain amount of creative control in the fashioning of ?rough drafts? of their work, architects face additional constraints because their work costs so much money to fashion."
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A Building is not Just a Building, 2001.
Differing opinions on the J.Paul Getty Museum.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the differing opinions with regards to the J.Paul Getty Museum and the way it was built. Reviews from the Los Angeles Times and the Atlanta Constitution Journal contend that a building is not just a building. The two critics from the above newspapers agree and disagree with regards to certain points about the building.
From the Paper
"Ouroussoff writes in the Times:
But although these public areas are thoughtfully balanced, the complex as a whole does not cohere. The more private structures (aside from the auditorium) seem isolated on the wrong side of the trackless-tramway. A palm-lined garden, submerged three stories below plaza level--is the area's central event. Around it, cloistered walkways and metal bridges connect the various buildings. Meier skewed placement of these buildings slightly to line them up with the freeway rambling by below. But the shift is imperceptible, and you never feel its weight. Instead, the buildings simply seem detached, their function hidden behind slick metal and glass facades (p. A1)"
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Women in Architecture, 2001.
A look at women's position in this industry.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of women in the field of architecture. The writer uses history and current events to depict the trends of females in architecture and looks at various aspects including promotion, acceptance and growth for women in the field.
From the paper:
" A young woman is interested in architecture. She has heard things about architecture that makes it seem like it is a perfect career for her. But others say, ?Women are too pretty. They just can?t grasp the bigger picture. They?re fine for other professions, but not for architecture? This has been the attitude among males in the profession for the past thirty years. The overwhelmingly male profession was and is still not making women feel wanted, welcome, or even competent. If men have the ?qualifications? of which architects are made, then women have it too. There are many fine male architects, but there are also some mediocre ones. Women have the right and now have the opportunities to get the education, and succeed in this profession."
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Hurricane Andrew, 2001.
The causes and effects of Hurricane Andrew.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how a hurricane forms, looks at the special and unlikely circumstances which led to the devastating effects of Hurricane Andrew, and describes the damage caused in various states and why faulty building techniques were partially to blame.
From the paper:
"David Fisher?s book on hurricanes describes a Category 5 hurricane as the ?scariest place on Earth, and Andrew was a Category 5 hurricane when it hit both south Florida and Louisiana.
A hurricane is a giant heat pump (Fisher, p. 61). Both the heat of the sun and the heat generated as evaporated moisture condenses contribute to the development of the hurricane. As the spinning winds contract, they speed up, much as a skater speeds up by pulling her arms in more tightly to her sides. Organization of the storm also requires an upper level high over a lower-level low, which allows the tropical depression to organize into a well formed, rotating tropical storm. If these conditions persist, the tropical storm may strengthen into a hurricane."
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Modernism, 2001.
This paper discusses the movement of modernism, putting it into a historical perspective
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the body of work that is now known as Modernism, including an examination of how it developed and what has succeeded it. It gives examples from the world of art, music and architecture - Mark Chagall, Frank Lloyd Wright, Gustave Courbet and others.
From the paper:
"Modernism is a much harder artistic style to define than either Romanticism or Realism ? although not as difficult as Postmodernism. This probably results in part from the fact that the closer a style is to one?s own moment in history the more difficult it is to assess, but it also has to do with the fact that Modernism is itself a complex movement. It is not the relatively straightforward reaction against the movement before it that Realism was, nor is it a reaction against a single historical change in the way that Romanticism was primarily a response to industrialization."
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Monumentality, 2001.
The following paper discusses architecture and questions whether it can create a specific experience for those who view it.
2,080 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 24 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines architecture with all its elements and styles. It examines how some structures are strictly utilitarian whilst other structures are designed to commemorate historic or mythological persons or events, and/or inspire feelings of awe, pride, sadness, or even anger. The writer focuses monumental structures and responses they evoke.
From the paper:
?These structures are monumental. According to "A Dictionary of Architecture", a monumental is ?a building intended as a monument or looking like one; or a building that is formal, impressive, very large, and permanent, probably intended to overawe.? This monumentality, seen so clearly in the architecture of ancient Rome, is also a vital element of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.?
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The Great Wall of China, 2001.
This essay examines the importance of the Great Wall of China as one of a handful of human creations around the world that encompasses an entire national identity.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at both the physical and the cultural history of the wall, demonstrating how it has meant different things to different dynasties of Chinese lives, not only reflecting what it is that the Chinese believe themselves to be but also shaping what it is that they have become.
From the paper:
?The Great Wall remains a powerful symbol of China's national tradition and historical continuity. And yet it is important to understand that it is in many ways the product of an historical myth ? like Washington?s wooden teeth. It is probably true that all people tell stories about themselves as a way of creating a sense of both national identity and national pride and there is nothing wrong with this ? so long as we recognize the fact that we are dealing with myth and not with history.?
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Absolutism Through Versailles, 2002.
This essay examines how King Louis XIV used visual arts within the palace of Versailles to establish the primacy of the French monarch.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how King Louis XIV of France used the remodeling of his magnificent palace at Versailles, and the visual art in the palace, as a propaganda tool. The author discusses Louis' constant campaign for absolute power as a divine ruler. The paper pays close attention to the architecture at Versailles.
From the Paper:
"King Louis XIV used visual arts within the palace of Versailles to establish the primacy of the French monarch. Louis XIV wanted to legitimatize his form of strict absolutism through art. The pinnacle of this propaganda campaign was the remodeling of the ch?teau of Versailles into a palace. He and his artists made specific choices to flaunt his wealth and give the king credibility. The gardens, grand staircase, hall of mirrors and salons parade with grandeur and thick allegorical comparisons between the Gods and Louis. The propaganda was effective in targeting its three intended audiences to the degree that later monarchs and artists mimicked it. "
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Creating a Community, 2001.
An analysis of the construction giant Del Webb' and their plans of building a "community" in the Arizona desert.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper presents sociological theories of what a community is and asks the question whether this can be artificially created using the Del Webb planned community in Arizona as a basis for the discussion.
From the Paper
Del Webb is the nation?s leading builder of active and adult lifestyle communities for people aged 55 and older. They are also the largest builder of single-family homes in the United States. So, when they built their master-planned community ?Anthem? about 35 miles north of Phoenix, Arizona in the middle of the Southwestern desert, it would certainly follow that this community that itself sprung up out of nowhere in the middle of the desert like the fabled ?Phoenix? would be a success.
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