Abstract
It will be argued, contrary to Leibniz and Levinas, that we must not "abandon the world to useless suffering", but rather "accept" the world of evil although struggling and fighting every step of the way. It is this frank acknowledgement of the overwhelming weight of the human condition that gives to this struggle its heroic, mythic qualities.

Abstract
This paper explains that John Keats in his sonnet ,"O Thou Whose Face Hath Felt the Winter's Wind," has two ontological entities, the speaker or "I", and the addressed, or the "thou". The author points out that Hegel is reluctant to say what he says because he finds the language of the world of appearance to be necessarily reductive; but, in the Keats's poem, the addressed seems to be a more settled version of Hegel's blind man, or man with sight, as he or she has taken hold of the abundant wealth of the supersensible beyond. The paper concludes that Keats's sonnet affirms nothing but doubt, both doubt in the autonomous self and doubt in the existence of a beyond that is anything more than a projected human construct.

From the Paper
"A common association with darkness is ignorance. Indeed, the phrase "in the dark" is often used when saying someone lacks knowing on an issue. Keats points to this assumption of darkness as ignorance when the speaker of the poem declares proudly and in defiance of common sense, "O fret not after knowledge! I have none." This non-knowing couched in darkness elsewhere could be an exclamation of ignorance, but here represents something different. It is a non-knowing knowledge of that which is outside the realm of conventional human understanding. The transcendent quality of knowledge in the poem is maintained by the binary of sense perception (seeing the trees, cloud tops) and abstractness (the light of darkness)."

Tags:phenomenology, romanticism, spirit, doubt, darkness

Abstract
This paper discusses how there is a limit to language in some important respects. This paper will examine the limits in this sense as they are articulated and examined in section 17 of his paper titled "God and Philosophy".

Abstract
This paper presents a general overview of some of the controversial issues surrounding the abortion debate. The paper is divided into three parts which present different sides of the debate. It discusses the issue from the view-point of the fetus, as well as the mother and gives arguments for and against both sides. The paper concludes with the author's personal view-point.

Table of Contents:
Part 1
Part 2
Emmanuel Kant
John Stuart Mill
John Rawls
Levinas
Part 3

From the Paper
"Levinas' account of the primacy of ethics - of the absolute responsibility in the face of the other can be considered a theory that argues against abortion. According to Levinas, moral principles are derived from the acts of relatedness and care essential to human life. The Other does not at all limit our freedom, it calls it to responsibility, founds it and justifies it. Abortion in such an approach as Levinas puts forward is wrong as it is a refusal to meet the Other and suggests the lack of responsibility. Ethics is an act of commitment. So is the encounter with the other, therefore, abortion should be prohibited."

Tags:pro-choice, pro-life, rape, morality

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines one of the excerpts presented in 'The Holocaust: A Reader', that appears to be an excerpt from the diary of Emmanuel Ringelblum. The writer explains that it is assumed that Ringelblum was a resident of the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland. The writer discusses that the diary gives some interesting historical information about life inside the Jewish ghettos. The writer concludes that the reader is unaware of whether Ringelblum died in the ghetto, was shipped to a concentration camp where he was killed, survived life in the concentration camp, or survived the war without further incident. However, the reader is aware that Ringelblum's life was severely disrupted and harmed by his time in the ghetto.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, Ringelblum makes it clear that it was not only the Gestapo who participated in the oppression of Jews in the ghetto. For example, Ringelblum describes the activities of the Polish police in the ghetto. Rather than working to keep Jews safe or resolve disputes, the Polish police ended up being in charge of anti-smuggling operations. However, rather than actually discouraging smuggling, the Polish officers profited off of the misery of those in the ghetto, by requiring bribes from the smugglers. Even children were required to bribe police officers in order to obtain food and necessities."
"However, Ringelblum also makes it clear that Jews were aware of the part that they played in the German war machine. Jews in the Warsaw ghetto were expected to contribute to the war effort by restoring or sewing uniforms for Nazi soldiers. Those who did not contribute in that manner were exterminated. Furthermore, Ringelblum observed Nazi propaganda. The Gestapo would stage incidents of violence by Jews or Poles against Jews, and have photos of the Gestapo stopping such violence."

Tags:Jews, ghetto, Nazis, anti-Semitic

Abstract
This paper discusses philosophers such as Emmanuel Kant and Aristotle, who wrote extensively on ethics and how to live within society. The paper goes on to discuss other general philosophies of ethics such as the currently accepted ethics of care and more traditional systems such as the social contract.

From the Paper
"Kant's distinction between ethics and self-interest appears to be of interest in this particular case. For this philosopher, the conflict between what an individual wants and ought to do, lies in the fact that morality is seldom as spontaneous as self-gratification (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). Going to the trouble of helping a person in need is less spontaneous than looking the other way or serving some other, more self-involved interest.
When looking honestly at my situation from my own position of self-interest, I must admit that the thought of turning my friend in does not appeal to a large degree because I would like to continue my friendship with him. It is also much more pleasant to live in an environment without a "witch" making things difficult all the time. Thirdly, turning him in would mean going through a large amount of trouble in terms of police questioning, red tape and personal guilt. "

Tags:conscience, actions, thought, feeling, society, morality

Abstract
The paper examines how Lartey lays out his position from the start, provides a well-considered overview of the history and evolution of pastoral care, and forcefully advances his support of a diverse, cosmopolitan approach to cross-cultural pastoral care. The paper asserts that unfortunately, the ministering and social activity functions he sees for such cross-cultural communication is compromised by his fairly relativistic approach - you could also call it diffidence - to asserting that Christianity has something compelling to say that cannot be found anywhere else.

From the Paper
"The next several pages will offer a critical review of Emmanuel Lartey's, "In Living Color: An Intercultural Approach to Pastoral Care and Counselling". In so doing, the paper will examine how Lartey lays out his position from the start, provides a well-considered overview of the history and evolution of pastoral care, and forcefully advances his support of a diverse, cosmopolitan approach to cross-cultural pastoral care. Unfortunately, the ministering and social activity functions he sees for such cross-cultural communication is compromised by his fairly..."

Tags:care, pastoral, emmanuel

From the Paper
"Publishing is a business dependent on the vagaries of public taste, and the best-seller list is the goal for every book published. Achieving sales sufficient to reach the best-seller list is difficult, and it seems to many people like only certain kinds of books get on that list, books with a broad appeal, certainly, which also might mean books that appeal to the sort of "lowest common denominator" that rules television. Yet, clearly this is not the case, since books of widely divergent types on subjects that might be considered difficult and even esoteric have become major best-sellers. The four books discussed here are all non-fiction books but are also from very different fields, and none of them involves subject matter that can be considered of broad appeal on its face or of immediate interest in the way a book on a current subject might be. Donald R."

Abstract
This paper is centrally interested in the definition of "objectivity" in the work of E. Kant, particularly in relation to his first first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. This paper explores the conventional interpretation of the notion of objectivity, and then offers a modernized understanding of the term.

From the Paper
"This essay holds that the application of the first and second formulations of Kant's moral doctrine the categorical imperative the purpose of which is to determine the morality of human action can and must be applied in conjunction. When applied in conjunction, it is shown that the two formulations prohibit and enjoin the same actions for the same reason. First, this essay explores the conventional interpretation of the first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. After mentioning the primary fault of this interpretation namely, the confusion surrounding the interpretation of the terms "objective" or "objectivity" a new interpretation is suggested."

Tags:philosophy, Neptune, Kantian, euthanasia