Abstract
This paper examines the dynamics and underlying causes of the Japanese economic revival that has occurred since the end of World War II, looking both at its economic components (such as the shift from agricultural to high-tech sectors) as well as the demographic and cultural elements that are just as important for understanding the Japanese economy.

From the Paper
"The Japanese economic miracle is complex and can only be explained by looking to political, cultural, and economic reasons. It rests on the government's taking responsibility for social welfare, vocational training, and education. It rests on the responsibility taken by both consumers and producers for economic prosperity. It rests on the government's decision to concentrate on high-quality and high-technology products designed for domestic and foreign consumption and on the government's building stable, economically advanced trading partners to replace the Asian markets to which inexpensive textiles had been
sent earlier. A number of factors have greatly aided Japan's economic resurgence that began in the 1950s and has continued since then, among them (ironically) the complete destruction of the nation's industrial base by the war. This meant that Japan's new factories, using the latest developments in technology, were often more efficient than those of their foreign competitors. With the addition of a youthful and well-educated workforce, a high domestic savings rate that provided ample capital, and an activist government and bureaucracy that provided guidance, support, and subsidies, the ingredients were in place for rapid and sustained economic growth."

Tags:zaibatsu, keiretsu, human, resources, semiclosed, corporate, group, enterprise, unions, labor, management, cooperation, cross, functional, problem, solving, employment, security, export, industry

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the revival of the Japanese economy following World War II. The writer discusses how, after Japan's surrender in WWII, it was faced with a shattered economy, but has since managed to become the second largest market economy in the world. The writer notes that this was achieved by a set of developments, which included high rates of personal savings and private-sector facilities investment, a labor force with a strong work ethic, a sufficient supply of cheap oil, innovative technology, and effective government intervention in private-sector industries.

From the Paper
"The factors that made Japan an enduring economic miracle were categorized into its government, a protected economy and external assistance. During the Meiji era, the centralized government moved into the fiscal and military side. It first improved the railways and the postal services, which, in turn, helped the shipping industry. It likewise boosted the development of rural industries. Then the Meiji government established model industries, such as textile and glass, which stimulated the industrialization process. The Liberal Democratic Party stirred private businesses until the government made it a national priority to raise the national economy. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry or MITI was a government association, which fixed production targets, future economic plans and handled all of Japan's economic problems."

Tags:growth, investment, industrial, work

Abstract
The essay is a systematic synthesis of the literature on economic history and political science that explains the East Asian miracle. It argues that state intervention has been a fundamental tenet of the great transformation of societies and economies in the East and Southeast Asian countries. The paper takes several case studies in East and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective to show the similarities and differences of the development experiences in the region.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context Setting: Asia Pacific in Global and Regional Perspectives
The East Asian Miracle in Theoretical Perspectives: Market-friendly and Developmental State Explanations
Relevant Themes on the East Asian Economic Miracle: Agricultural transformations in East Asia and the role of industrial policy in Asia Pacific
Agricultural Transformation in East Asian Countries
The State and Industrial Policy: Comparing East and Southeast Asia
Conclusions
Appendix

From the Paper
"The Asia Pacific has been the most dynamic region in the world with countries sustaining growth rates from 3 - 7% for decades, reducing absolute and relative poverty, and undergoing structural changes in demographic, economic and political terms. While area specialists do not claim a single model to be followed by the developing world, it is worthy to study the common conditions, policy choices, and challenges that these countries have faced. The East Asian Miracle indeed challenges scholars and policy makers to think beyond the standard Western model of development based on blind liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. Bearing in mind the nuances and commonalities across the region, there are lessons to be drawn if only to better understand the trajectory the region is currently taking."

Tags:agricultural, industrialization, policy

Abstract
This paper presents facts and theories associated with the US and Japanese economic relationship over the past decade and also explores the future outcomes of their relationship.

Tags:us, japan, relationship

Abstract
Following WWII, Japan transformed itself from an island of ruins to one of the most powerful economic powerhouses in the world. This paper attempts to understand how this transition took place and the consequences of the transition on Japanese society.

From the Paper
"By the end of World War II, Japan's economy lay in ruin. By 1973, it was the third largest in the world. This transformation is heralded as arguably the greatest economic achievement of the twentieth century, and with due reason. However, it also carried with it destructive social and moral consequences that deeply affected the fragile post-war Japanese society. Thus, the "economic miracle" of Japan could be aptly termed both a blessing and a curse, a path to redemption, and, at the same time, a decent to a frightening level of greed, corruption, and perceptible moral degeneration."

Tags:materialism, prosperity

Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth look at the Japanese economy before and after the collapse of the Tokyo stock-market which occurred at the start of the current recession. It shows how Japan was considered to be the perfect economy and idealized by the West with regard to its statistics on growth, unemployment and productivity. Causes of the collapse are analyzed. The writer presents many statistics about the current economic state and looks at the government's plans to boost the economy.

From the Paper
"The revisionists asserted that, in contrast to the open-market capitalism of the "Anglo-American" model, Japan practiced a unique form of state-directed insider capitalism. Under that model, close relationships among business executives, bankers, and government officials strongly influence economic outcomes. By strategically allocating capital through a tightly controlled banking system, they argued, Japan would drive foreign competitors out of sector after sector, leading eventually to world economic domination. (Thompson, 1997)

"Sooner or later, the United States must come to grips with the fact that Japan has become the leading industrial nation in the world. The Japanese have the longest life span. They have the highest employment, the highest literacy, and the smallest gap between rich and poor. Their manufacturing products have the highest quality."

Tags:stock, market, Toyko, collapse, recession, yen, buget, deficit, recession, Japan

Abstract
An analysis of the inter-relating economical and political factors which led to the tremendous progress in Italy from 1953 to 1963. It discusses how the key factors were a pro-American government ready to enter the Marshall plan, the internal and foreign investments and the high competitively of the industries. Italy's economy progressed following completely Keynes ideas.

From the Paper
"Italian miracle is one of the issues that characterized the economic history of the peninsula. The aftermath of the second world war constituted an elevated tax of inflation leading to a massive rate of unemployment. In 1948, Italy was a nation majorly based on agriculture, which made up 50% of the job placements. The miracle was to develop gradually over the years thanks to the Marshall plan, the internal investments in Europe, and the DC reforms; it would have brought industrial modernization and privatization. In Italy the key players for the contribution of the economical boosting belonged to the DC centrist party, which made of the nation a capitalist leader in a Europe where the effects of the war were still noticeable. Italy was a country divided between North and South; the North as the "headquarter" of the major Italian industries, and the South, where general conditions were precarious. The years between the 1948 and 1954 could be considered as the period of the "riformismo democristiano" or DC reformism. Once completed the reconstruction, Italy was finally introduced in the international markets. The process was slow, due to the market imbalance taking place in all of Europe. The full achievement of the monetary stability was to be reached only in 1958. During this period the consequence of the 1929 crisis, which was financial protectionism, was surpassed. War saved the United States from the production crisis, becoming a dominant economic power. Now, the American duty was to consolidate a market regain in Europe through the Marshall Plan and a system of international trade among European nations and USA. The road for adaptation to these new conditions, was unsteady; Europe is dependent on America. In fact, in 1948, 1950 and 1953 the USA faced moments of recession, provoked by a difficulty in converting from the arms industry and the Korean war. The European economies were strengthening with the exception of France and Great Britain. Meanwhile, the DC aimed to enact a series of measures to redistribute the income and the productive forces in the areas with the highest necessity. Such measures were the Riforma Agraria, Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, along with the major figures Vanoni and the founding of ENI."

Tags:marshall, war, keynes

From the Paper
"The effort to understand and explain Japan's remarkable economic success has spawned countless theories focusing on Japanese industrial relations, politics, culture, and any number of other characteristics of Japanese society. Early theories often emphasized government intervention in the economy. Japanese success was attributed to brilliant industrial and trade policy involving strong government intervention. These theories claimed that Japan's powerful Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) attracted Japan's "best and brightest" and that the bureaucracy further ensured the development and international competitiveness of entire industrial sectors through administrative guidance. Other scholars of Japan focused on company level management practices-quality control circles, justin-time delivery and labor-management cooperation. Still others..."

Abstract
This paper argues that some elements of pre-World War II Japanese culture proved to be advantages to the processes of economic reconstruction as they took hold in the first decades after 1945. If the Japanese recovery is looked at in terms of class and economy only, the Japanese defeat in World War II signaled a complete break from the imperial ethos, which had dominated national culture and contributed to practically every aspect of Japanese cultural and economic life. When Japanese post-war economic development is explored in ways which include cultural advantages, however, the so-called "miracle" of reconstruction begins to seem somewhat more predictable.

Abstract
This paper examines the Japanese economy and current economic problems challenging Japanese policy makers, from stagnating production and unresolved banking questions, to the slowdown in the global markets.

From the Paper
"And many think Japan is so badly in need of fundamental reforms, that there isn't much the central bank can do. Bank of Japan {BOJ} must print enough money to rev up inflation, convince consumers that rising prices are back to stay and get them spending again. Other economists think BOJ should set inflation targets to prove that it's dedicated to stabilizing prices in the country."

Tags:banking, BOJ, Mizuho, Holdings