Abstract This paper examines the dynamics and underlying causes of the Japaneseeconomic revival that has occurred since the end of World War II, looking both at its economic components (such as the shift from agricultural to high-tech sectors) as well as the demographic and cultural elements that are just as important for understanding the Japanese economy.
From the Paper "The Japanese economic miracle is complex and can only be explained by looking to political, cultural, and economic reasons. It rests on the government's taking responsibility for social welfare, vocational training, and education. It rests on the responsibility taken by both consumers and producers for economic prosperity. It rests on the government's decision to concentrate on high-quality and high-technology products designed for domestic and foreign consumption and on the government's building stable, economically advanced trading partners to replace the Asian markets to which inexpensive textiles had been
sent earlier. A number of factors have greatly aided Japan's economic resurgence that began in the 1950s and has continued since then, among them (ironically) the complete destruction of the nation's industrial base by the war. This meant that Japan's new factories, using the latest developments in technology, were often more efficient than those of their foreign competitors. With the addition of a youthful and well-educated workforce, a high domestic savings rate that provided ample capital, and an activist government and bureaucracy that provided guidance, support, and subsidies, the ingredients were in place for rapid and sustained economic growth."
Abstract This paper examines the Japaneseeconomic model following the crisis of 1990. It identifies the causes of the crisis and discusses key areas of reform. The author also mentions the country's political economy, strategic orientations and the nature of its business system. The convergence of the Japanese model with the Anglo-American model is also discussed.
From the Paper "Asian economies and business systems are increasingly being influenced by the dynamics of globalization. The Japanese model in particular is going through a slow and problematic process of transformation that ..."
Tags: globalization, Japan, economy, Anglo-American economic model, Japaneseeconomic model, political economy, kudoka, strategic orientations, Japanese business system, economic crisis
Abstract The following paper discusses the Japaneseeconomic trends from the era of the rising sun ? from the postwar recovery of the 1950s to the mid 1970s and finally to the 90's. The author discusses what factors caused the era of the rising sun, namely international, cultural, political, and examines how this trend was based on an economic structure that was influenced but fundamentally different from American capitalism. In addition this paper retraces Japan's fall from glory to find many of the same factors of growth that lead it to its earlier success.
From the Paper " When the Asian Crisis struck, many economists dismissed the earlier vision of the Japanese miracle as a stroke of luck, and rejected the same factors they had extolled during its growth, denouncing the Japanese economic system as fundamentally dysfunctional and declaring victory of the superior American capitalism. Studying the Japanese system provides many lessons that the American system can emulate or remember to avoid as well. Japan's group collectivism and state-assisted, relationship-based capitalism helped Japan expand rapidly, and has much to offer. However, it also made the system very inflexible, unable to adjust itself to the constantly changing economic circumstances; in the long term, after the growth stopped, the economy suffered because of the system's harmful consequences."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the revival of the Japanese economy following World War II. The writer discusses how, after Japan's surrender in WWII, it was faced with a shattered economy, but has since managed to become the second largest market economy in the world. The writer notes that this was achieved by a set of developments, which included high rates of personal savings and private-sector facilities investment, a labor force with a strong work ethic, a sufficient supply of cheap oil, innovative technology, and effective government intervention in private-sector industries.
From the Paper "The factors that made Japan an enduring economic miracle were categorized into its government, a protected economy and external assistance. During the Meiji era, the centralized government moved into the fiscal and military side. It first improved the railways and the postal services, which, in turn, helped the shipping industry. It likewise boosted the development of rural industries. Then the Meiji government established model industries, such as textile and glass, which stimulated the industrialization process. The Liberal Democratic Party stirred private businesses until the government made it a national priority to raise the national economy. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry or MITI was a government association, which fixed production targets, future economic plans and handled all of Japan's economic problems."
Abstract The essay is a systematic synthesis of the literature on economic history and political science that explains the East Asian miracle. It argues that state intervention has been a fundamental tenet of the great transformation of societies and economies in the East and Southeast Asian countries. The paper takes several case studies in East and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective to show the similarities and differences of the development experiences in the region.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context Setting: Asia Pacific in Global and Regional Perspectives
The East Asian Miracle in Theoretical Perspectives: Market-friendly and Developmental State Explanations
Relevant Themes on the East Asian EconomicMiracle: Agricultural transformations in East Asia and the role of industrial policy in Asia Pacific
Agricultural Transformation in East Asian Countries
The State and Industrial Policy: Comparing East and Southeast Asia
Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper "The Asia Pacific has been the most dynamic region in the world with countries sustaining growth rates from 3 - 7% for decades, reducing absolute and relative poverty, and undergoing structural changes in demographic, economic and political terms. While area specialists do not claim a single model to be followed by the developing world, it is worthy to study the common conditions, policy choices, and challenges that these countries have faced. The East Asian Miracle indeed challenges scholars and policy makers to think beyond the standard Western model of development based on blind liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. Bearing in mind the nuances and commonalities across the region, there are lessons to be drawn if only to better understand the trajectory the region is currently taking."
Abstract This paper provides an in-depth look at the Japanese economy before and after the collapse of the Tokyo stock-market which occurred at the start of the current recession. It shows how Japan was considered to be the perfect economy and idealized by the West with regard to its statistics on growth, unemployment and productivity. Causes of the collapse are analyzed. The writer presents many statistics about the current economic state and looks at the government's plans to boost the economy.
From the Paper "The revisionists asserted that, in contrast to the open-market capitalism of the "Anglo-American" model, Japan practiced a unique form of state-directed insider capitalism. Under that model, close relationships among business executives, bankers, and government officials strongly influence economic outcomes. By strategically allocating capital through a tightly controlled banking system, they argued, Japan would drive foreign competitors out of sector after sector, leading eventually to world economic domination. (Thompson, 1997)
"Sooner or later, the United States must come to grips with the fact that Japan has become the leading industrial nation in the world. The Japanese have the longest life span. They have the highest employment, the highest literacy, and the smallest gap between rich and poor. Their manufacturing products have the highest quality."
Abstract This paper presents facts and theories associated with the US and Japaneseeconomic relationship over the past decade and also explores the future outcomes of their relationship.
Abstract This paper argues that some elements of pre-World War II Japanese culture proved to be advantages to the processes of economic reconstruction as they took hold in the first decades after 1945. If the Japanese recovery is looked at in terms of class and economy only, the Japanese defeat in World War II signaled a complete break from the imperial ethos, which had dominated national culture and contributed to practically every aspect of Japanese cultural and economic life. When Japanese post-war economic development is explored in ways which include cultural advantages, however, the so-called "miracle" of reconstruction begins to seem somewhat more predictable.
Looks at what stood behind the post-WWII Japaneseeconomicmiracle and the reasons why these factors led the Japanese economy into a slump in later years.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, 2002, $ 71.95
Abstract In an effort to make some sense of the confusion, this paper will look at a variety of factors behind Japan's cycle of success to depression, ranging from Japanese management techniques to the unique roles played by government development agencies, such as the renowned Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). In the final analysis, it seems clear that these institutions surely did play an important role in creating a successful Japan. However, the very forces that before worked to strengthen the economic position of the country ultimately led to its demise. Export orientation and domestic protection spelled success in booming post-war years; but they now reveal an inflexible economy, inefficient industries, sloppy habits, and portend a long and severe economic crisis.
Abstract Most Japanese that grew up after the 1970s are not even aware of the struggles that were experienced before them. The same can be said for the study of post-war Japanese history. The lion's share of research has been on the Japaneseeconomic 'miracle', and relatively little has been mentioned of the post war hardships. This paper marks an effort to shift this balance. It will explore the so-called Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 between the US and Japan and pay particular attention to the social effects on Japan. To provide an understanding of the situation the origins of the crisis will be elaborated. Here, in addition to the domestic situation in Japan, the entire international scene must be looked at, as this was a critical time in the unfolding of the cold war. After setting this stage, the remainder of the paper will focus on the impact and importance of the crisis and the longer-term effects on Japan.
Abstract Following WWII, Japan transformed itself from an island of ruins to one of the most powerful economic powerhouses in the world. This paper attempts to understand how this transition took place and the consequences of the transition on Japanese society.
From the Paper "By the end of World War II, Japan's economy lay in ruin. By 1973, it was the third largest in the world. This transformation is heralded as arguably the greatest economic achievement of the twentieth century, and with due reason. However, it also carried with it destructive social and moral consequences that deeply affected the fragile post-war Japanese society. Thus, the "economic miracle" of Japan could be aptly termed both a blessing and a curse, a path to redemption, and, at the same time, a decent to a frightening level of greed, corruption, and perceptible moral degeneration."
Abstract This paper examines the effect of Japanese debt on economic growth. The author considers the possibility that the Japanese debt could cripple the entire world economy. Economic growth is discussed not only from the standpoint of Japan, but also from the standpoint of other members of the world economy. The author presents background information on the economic rise, and potential fall, of Japan. The paper also consists of prominent models and theories that are presented and explained, to illustrate the economic effects of the debt of the Japanese government. Paper includes charts and tables.
Outline:
Abstract
Theory
Data
Conclusions
From the Paper "In order to put the significance of the consideration of Japanese economics into perspective, consider for a moment the fact that Japan is the second world economic superpower, behind the United States (Witter, 1997). Keeping that in mind, there are several key economic indicators that show a true storm brewing within the Japanese economy due to the debt of the Japanese government; for example, current figures show that the debt of the Japanese government outweighs their GPD (Gross Domestic Product) by an obscenely high 170%, the Japanese National Bank is insolvent, and there is a glut of outstanding JGBs (Japanese Government Bonds (Posen, 2000). While all of these statistics are staggering, there are some very informative models and theories that illustrate this problem in greater depth; the best of these models and theories will now be presented and discussed in an effort to add another dimension to this research and provide a complete understanding of not only the topic, but also its significance to everyone in the developed world and beyond."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at miracles from classical antiquity through the Old and New Testaments. The writer presents a definition of miracles. Further, the writer discusses particular acts in the Old Testament that are considered as miracles. The writer also looks at miracles that are considered to have occurred in the life of Jesus.
From the Paper "A miracle is defined as 'a special manifestation or sign of the presence and power of God in human history'. While miracles are generally most likely to be associated with the Christian Church and faith including the miracles that are identified in the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, miracles were not unknown in pre-Christian classical antiquity. Among the ancient Greeks for example, miracles often were observed as a result of the interaction of one of the Gods in the lives of humans."
Abstract This paper examines Toni Cade Bambara's short story,'The Lesson,' concentrating on the story's main theme of racial and economic inequality. It looks at the valuable lessons the children learn on a field trip to an upscale toy store.
From the Paper "In the short story "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara, a group of African-American children are confronted with class and economic distinctions for the first time during a trip to F A O Schwartz in New York. Sylvia the story's narrator is clearly affected by ..."
Abstract This paper looks at the eight miracles of Jesus that are signs of his divinity in the gospel of John. The miracles that are mentioned in this paper are the turning of water to wine, healing of the nobleman's son, the healing of the lame man, the feeding of the 5,000, Jesus' walking on water, the healing of the blind man, the raising of Lazarus from the dead, and the miraculous catch of fishes.
From the Paper "In the Gospel of John in the New Testament there are eight sign miracles that Jesus performs, which are: the turning of water to wine, healing of the nobleman's son, the healing of the lame man, the feeding of the 5,000, Jesus' walking on water, the healing of the blind man, the raising of Lazarus from the dead, and the miraculous catch of fishes. This paper will look at how each of these miracles further reveals the deity of Jesus. The first miracle that John records is the turning of water into wine at the wedding in Cana shortly after Jesus recruits his first few followers. When the wine runs out, Jesus' mother comes and tells him, and he understands that she wants him to do something about it, but tells her it is not time yet."
