Abstract
This paper discusses the legal issues associated with the USA Patriot Act of 2001. The paper provides a background and history to the Act and how it has been used by federal law enforcement authorities, specifically in ways that have absolutely nothing to do with terrorism or homeland security. The paper focuses on the potential for the Patriot Act to erode constitutional rights.

Table of Contents:
Introduction - Background and History
Major Legal Issues
The Patriot Act in Use
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The problem is many of the provisions of the Patriot Act were actually drafted long before September 11, 2001, and had previously been rejected by Congress precisely because they violated established principles of constitutional law defining the limits of governmental surveillance of citizens for the purpose of law enforcement and prosecution. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other components of the Department of Justice (DOJ) had previously sought certain types of "roving" wire taps in criminal investigations which were denied because they were considered too broad to satisfy constitutional protections (ACLU 2008). The Patriot Act authorizes those taps on the basis that terrorists often move too often to permit a effective surveillance of any specific location or telephone carrier."

Tags:FBI, surveillance, privacy, congress

Abstract
The paper discusses the targeting of Arab organizations by law enforcement and relates that, depending on the nature, imminence and potential severity of documented terrorist threats, national security concerns may ultimately outweigh aspects of due process. The paper then looks at the rights of an American citizen captured in the United States in the act of perpetrating terrorist violence and explores the concept of just war with respect to terrorism. The paper discusses the government's authority to conduct criminal investigations of educational, religious and charitable organizations and concludes with a criticism of the Patriot Act in its current form. The paper argues that in light of its overbroad provisions allowing unconstitutional acts by government authorities under the guise of counterterrorism, the Act requires significant revision.

Outline:
Infiltrating Arab Organizations
Balancing Civil Rights and Protections in the Age of Modern Terrorism
The Concept of Just War in the Age of International Global Terrorism
Balancing National Security Concerns and Constitutional Rights
The USA PATRIOT ACT

From the Paper
"The mere fact that the greatest terrorist threat to the United States comes from radical extremists within the Arab world does not, by itself, justify indiscriminant law enforcement attention to Arab-Americans or the widespread targeting of Arab-American institutions for law enforcement infiltration efforts. However, the overwhelming evidence establishes without doubt that financial support for al-Qaeda and various other terrorist groups with express intentions to perpetrate large-scale terrorist acts against the US homeland and US interests abroad is rampant throughout the American Muslim community and its social and religious organizations (Evans, 2007; Larsen, 2007)."

Tags:Constitution, security, just, war, Patriot, Act, Muslims, radicals

Abstract
This paper examines the legal educational guidelines for children with special needs. The paper investigates the language of "inclusion", the rhetoric of politics and school administration and the advocacy of parents and professionals. It describes the legal rights of special education students and illustrates the difficultly of providing an appropriate education for these children as a result of the wide variety of special needs and abilities.

From the Paper
"Special education has always been under debate as far as provision of facilities and programs are concerned. Despite discussion on the issue, as well as the installation of the law, many instances of malpractice at the hand of the facilitators could be seen. Disability is a vast term that encompasses various kind of disability. For some institution it means the cognitive inability to demonstrate any kind of intelligence. As a result, critics believe that the law does not apply where providing quality facilities are concerned. ON the other hand other groups include children with physical disparagement but have the cognitive ability to think for themselves. For this reason, the States' law has outlined rights that pertain to include all level of special individuals. These programs are called special education and they are under the navigation of various case studies. While other still those youngsters who undergo cognitive change and have difficulty in learning are also included in this law. For this reason at times it is found that some of these laws does not work in cohesion for the purpose of the people / students [Roberts, R., & Mather, N. 1995]."

Tags:learning, disability, legal, education, special, children, law, inclusion, malpractice, physical, disparagement

Abstract
This paper discusses education policies and legal issues surrounding education in the United States. It begins by providing a functional definition of education policy and the importance of education policies. The paper then looks at examples of how the educational policy can go too far. The paper specifically looks at how intelligent design and religion can cause legal issues in education.

Table of Contents:
Educational Policy: A Functional Definition
Legal Issues in Education: Intelligent Design and Religion

From the Paper
"Intelligent design will continue to be a significant legal challenge for educators in the coming years in the United States, but also in other Western nations. Intelligent design is the latest attempt by religious institutions to blur the line between church and state in public institutions by wrapping religion in the cloak of science. Educators who are tempted by the possibility of bridging this divide would do well to remember that their primary responsibility is to the students in their care. It will only do them harm to teach them that religion has the explanatory power to supplant science--it is the historical equivalent of erasing the last five hundred years of scientific progress in favor of medieval religious dogma. Educators should collectively take a stand against intelligent design and commit themselves to providing the most accurate education possible to their students."

Tags:ID, no child left behind, science technology teaching

Abstract
This paper compares the higher education systems of both Korea and the USA. The author, speaking of his own decision and experience of studying in the USA instead of Korea, explains the differences in learning and application methods of the two countries. The paper gives several more reasons why the USA is the popular choice amongst international students, such as academic freedom and independent thinking. The author also lists other benefits such as understanding a new culture and personal development. However the paper also cautions against disadvantages of international students living in America. Higher tuition fees, high expenses for calling home and the higher crime rate are also points to consider when studying abroad.

From the Paper
"There are several reasons why more international students think that studying in the United States is most beneficial. First, the US education system strongly promotes academic freedom. Academic freedom is the right of every student to freely inquire on certain things for the sake of broadened learning. Unfortunately, academic freedom is not exercised in all areas of the world. In Korea, the education system promotes rote learning and memorization. This kind of technique does not necessarily encourage in-depth learning among Koreans. These students tend to mimic lessons learned and not completely comprehend the whole situation."

Tags:higher education, korea culture

Abstract
This paper discusses how special education is governed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The paper explains that these are the primary legal initiatives directing state and local authorities, and when these authorities fail to meet their obligations, recent court decisions lay the blame and fiscal responsibilities upon these authorities.

From the Paper
"This paper shall provide an overview of special education in the United States as mandated by Federal Statute and as enforced by recent legal precedent. Special education is governed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. These are the primary legal initiatives directing state and local authorities. When these authorities fail to meet their obligations, recent court decisions lay the blame and fiscal responsibilities upon these authorities."

Tags:special, education, law

Abstract
The paper uses history, the legal issues concerning bilingual education, the moral issues concerning bilingual education, effective bilingual programs, and examples of success to form an argument for the use of bilingual education.

From the Paper
"The United States has always been a country where one could go to escape tyranny and persecution, and start a new, prosperous life. However this age old right of immigrants is in danger. Now the US is still very accepting of immigrants, but starting a prosperous life is in jeopardy because of cuts in the bilingual education programs. Although a legal and mandatory program, bilingual education has come under scrutiny and many programs have been cut, even in many states that have a substantial non-English speaking population. Bilingual Education is not a new idea; according to Dr. Perry Castelli, in their book Social Foundations of American Education (2000) there have been forms of the program ever since the 1800s ( 229). However, there was not an outcry for official bilingual education laws until the 1960s, mainly because immigrants were less concerned with education and more concerned with starting a new life (Castelli 2000). This has all changed in today's world. According to Judy Davis Smith in her article "The New Immigrant Students Need More than ESL" (2004) "between the years 1991 and 1999, the number of language minority school-aged children who are now living in the United States rose from 8 million to 15 million" (Davis 21). We cannot afford to have all of these children go through life without an education. According to The Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (1998), Bilingual Education also allows students of all backgrounds and education levels to learn English through four different types of programs: Two-Way bilingual education, Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual education, Early-exit Transitional Bilingual education, and ESL Pull-out programs. This certainly shows the level of dedication to the bilingual education programs and the willingness to educate all children. In the United States today there is a growing need for more bilingual education programs, but instead many programs have been cut and more non-English speaking students have been left to fend for themselves. This should not be the case. Instead we should expand our bilingual education programs, and instead of trying to get rid of them, try and fix them because the futures of many children's lives are at stake."

Tags:fourteenth, amendment, official, language, brown, vs, board, of, education, opportunity, equal, funding, school, districts

Abstract
The paper looks at why the "Brown v. Board of Education" case was so important and how it changed the nature of US education. In particular, this paper argues that "Brown v. Board of Education" was historic because it overturned the Supreme Court decisions of the past - most of all "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896) - that had guided and legitimated segregationist education in America for decades. The paper also shows how the 1954 decision was the initial step in a process which saw a more cosmopolitan kind of pedagogy emerge. The paper discusses the implications of this case for teachers, for affirmative action programs, and for control over the local education systems of America. The paper demonstrates how much of what constitutes our public school system today has its antecedents in "Brown v. Board of Education."

From the Paper
""Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) dramatically re-shaped the American landscape. Most notably, it compelled school administrators and school districts to throw open their doors to African-American students after generations in which segregation had been the accepted norm in US education. The following paper will look at why the case was so important and how it changed (possibly forever) the nature of US education. In particular, this paper will argue that "Brown v. Board of Education" was historic because it overturned the Supreme Court decisions of the past - most of all "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896) - that had guided and legitimated..."

Tags:america, brown, education

Abstract
This paper discusses and recommends two books relevant to higher education practice and innovative leadership strategies in higher education. The books are: "Leadership in Continuing and Distance Education in Higher Education" by Shoemaker, and "Universities in the Marketplace: the Commercialization of Higher Education" by Bok.

Tags:book, leadership, education

Abstract
This is a position paper on the advantages of bilingual education. The different educational models of bilingual education are looked at, as well as the opportunities provided by bilingual education to students with limited English proficiency. The paper also examines the controversy surrounding bilingual education.

From the Paper
"Bilingual education programs have been a fixture in the American public education system for many decades. However an enormous amount of controversy surrounds bilingual education which includes a variety of different educational ..."

Tags:bilingual education