Abstract This paper examines the legaleducational guidelines for children with special needs. The paper investigates the language of "inclusion", the rhetoric of politics and school administration and the advocacy of parents and professionals. It describes the legal rights of special education students and illustrates the difficultly of providing an appropriate education for these children as a result of the wide variety of special needs and abilities.
From the Paper "Special education has always been under debate as far as provision of facilities and programs are concerned. Despite discussion on the issue, as well as the installation of the law, many instances of malpractice at the hand of the facilitators could be seen. Disability is a vast term that encompasses various kind of disability. For some institution it means the cognitive inability to demonstrate any kind of intelligence. As a result, critics believe that the law does not apply where providing quality facilities are concerned. ON the other hand other groups include children with physical disparagement but have the cognitive ability to think for themselves. For this reason, the States? law has outlined rights that pertain to include all level of special individuals. These programs are called special education and they are under the navigation of various case studies. While other still those youngsters who undergo cognitive change and have difficulty in learning are also included in this law. For this reason at times it is found that some of these laws does not work in cohesion for the purpose of the people / students [Roberts, R., & Mather, N. 1995]."
Abstract This paper compares the higher education systems of both Korea and the USA. The author, speaking of his own decision and experience of studying in the USA instead of Korea, explains the differences in learning and application methods of the two countries. The paper gives several more reasons why the USA is the popular choice amongst international students, such as academic freedom and independent thinking. The author also lists other benefits such as understanding a new culture and personal development. However the paper also cautions against disadvantages of international students living in America. Higher tuition fees, high expenses for calling home and the higher crime rate are also points to consider when studying abroad.
From the Paper "There are several reasons why more international students think that studying in the United States is most beneficial. First, the US education system strongly promotes academic freedom. Academic freedom is the right of every student to freely inquire on certain things for the sake of broadened learning. Unfortunately, academic freedom is not exercised in all areas of the world. In Korea, the education system promotes rote learning and memorization. This kind of technique does not necessarily encourage in-depth learning among Koreans. These students tend to mimic lessons learned and not completely comprehend the whole situation."
Abstract Fierce debate rages in the U.S.A. today over the issue of bilingual education, as opposed to English immersion education. Research quickly reveals that there is a vast quantity of conflicting evidence on the issue. This paper evaluates the arguments in favor of each, and shows that in fact bilingual education is preferable. It shows that arguments such as the fact that English immersion is more successful, or more desired by parents, are not conclusively substantiated by research.
Abstract This paper examines the legal cases involving the invasion of privacy that is protected under the fourth amendment. It investigates the changes that have come about in this law through court decisions and also the way that it is enforced. The paper gives special attention to the issue of unwarranted search and equal practice of the 4th amendment.
From the Paper "The invasion of privacy is something that is taken very seriously in the United States of America and it is for this reason that the fourth amendment encompasses all areas in this respect, and safeguards the rights of all individuals. Although it is not very clear if this law is uniform or not because there appear to be cases where there has been exceptions to what the 4th amendment really says. "
Tags: 4th, constiution, bill, of, rights, indvidual, legal, privacy, usa, united, states, unwarranted, search, equal, practice
Abstract This paper explains that scientific and educational advances in the countries which occupy permanent positions on the UN Security Council, have created tremendous growth in the areas of chemical and nuclear weapons research and of chemical and nuclear weapons production as a function of their science education programs. The author focuses on the scientific education infrastructure of individual countries, which is designed to produce scientific minds capable of creating WMD, as a result of science being taught without significant emphasis on philosophy, history and ethics. The paper relates that, since the fall of Soviet communism, Russia remains the largest of the former Soviet Bloc states and retains the vast majority of WMD capability; but these changes have resulted in a significantly weakened national science education program and a reduction in its ability to produce scientists and ultimately produce more WMD. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The United Nations
A Brief History of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Scientific Education in the UN General Assembly
Scientific Education in Countries of Interest
Scientific Education in Permanent Members of the Security Council
Global Education Trends
UNESCO
Education Reform in Islamic Countries
Education Advancement in the Sciences
Global Proliferation Trends
Rogue Nations
Consequences of Scientific Education Conclusion
From the Paper "Within the United Nations are several councils, agencies, organizations and groups that carry out responsibilities and provide leadership for the UN as a whole. Among the smaller groups within the UN are disarmament groups such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom). These bodies are responsible for preventing the use of WMD and for working to prevent the proliferation of such weapons. In addition to disarmament, groups are relevant education groups within the UN that are essential to consider when discussing the growth and potential use of WMD. Such groups are the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."
Abstract This paper argues that issues other than legal rules often determine how cases are decided. It offers advance arguments to support this thesis. Counter arguments will be considered such as the formalist point of view of Roscoe Pound. However it will be shown that in fact issues such as whether the country is at war, or what race the defendant is, or what best serves the need to protect society are very likely to be more important than the rules in determining how cases are decided.
From the Paper "The American Legal Realism perspective stipulates that issues other than legal rules often determine how cases are decided. This paper will argue that this is true, and will advance arguments to support this thesis. Counter-arguments will be considered, such as the formalist point of view of Roscoe Pound. However, it will be shown that in fact issues such as whether the country is at war, or what race the defendant is, or what best serves the need to protect society, are very likely to be more important than the rules in determining how cases are decided. In other words, pragmatic, ..."
Abstract This graduate paper examines the history of American education and the influences of the values of northern European immigrants on the school system. According to this paper, schools in the USA have very much reflected the ethic and values systems of Northern Europe. This paper further explores this idea and draws attention to the various aspects that reflect this influence.
From the Paper "Ever since colonial times, American schools have historically been a reflection of the value system of northern European immigrants, a value system that is characterized by a strong belief in competition and rugged individualism. Social psychologists who have done extensive research on the culture of American schools, characterize this as a focus on seeking an object or getting what one needs. They note that over the past two centuries, the United States has created a nation of schools that reflect that Northern European ethic and value systems. Sleeter and Grant (1994) note that our schools have required until recently that students sit in straight rows, and consider talking or sharing between students as cheating. "
Abstract The writer of this paper contends that the ongoing war on drugs has not succeeded and that drug use should be prevented rather than made illegal. This paper also examines the argument that drug use will dramatically decrease if all illegal substances are legalized. This paper also discusses how school programs educating students on the risks of substance abuse has had a dramatic impact on teenage drug use.
Topics covered in this paper include:
The War On Drugs
The Drug Business
Alcohol and Drugs
The Effect of Drug Education Drugs and Jail
Addiction
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Because drugs are illegal, their cost is astronomical, providing enormous profits to those engaged in the business of importing, exporting and selling drugs. There is no question that legalization of drugs would put an immediate stop to this rich source of economic gain. Legal drugs could be sold at a reasonable price to those who choose to use them, and the illegal drug community would not be able to compete."
Abstract This paper takes a look at ways of possibly reducing crime. The paper focuses primarily on correctional education, its implementation and its success and failure rates. The paper also reviews Sheriff Arpaio's Tent City and the strategies used in this type of incarceration.
From the Paper "A meta-study completed by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections that analyzed hundreds of research reports on reducing recidivism found that the successful measures have certain factors in common (Zajac). Their findings, which are very different from those in Phoenix fall into ten areas: 1) Good programs are those that relate to offending and that can be changed or targeting "criminogenic needs" such as low self-esteem, poor levels of educational attainment, and high substance abuse; 2) Conduct thorough assessments of risk (probability of repeat) and need to develop specific treatment programs and use money in most effective manner possible. Also, higher risk individuals will be more likely to repeat offenses if not treated; more resources should be spent on them. Providing high-intensity treatment to low-risk offenders may increase their risk level. "
Abstract A brief argumentative paper which presents the views of sports colleges in Nevada wanting to allow for legalized gambling on its campus. The paper shows that even though gambling is legal throughout the State, if legislation comes into effect, it could put an end to gambling on campus all together. The writer examines the pros and cons of such a law.
From the Paper "In Nevada sports books, gambling on college sports is currently allowed for every team in the nation, except Nevada's own college teams. Legislators have proposed new laws that would outlaw gambling on any college sports. This would affect Nevada's economy in a wide variety of ways.
"For the year 2001, total gaming revenue in the State of Nevada totaled $9,468,598,681. Of that total, "More than one-half of total General Fund [$105.85 million] spending is targeted for education. Of that, $1.2 billion represents the State's General Fund obligation to the Distributive School Account, the funding mechanism through which State monies are distributed to school districts" (Comeaux). The amount budgeted for education in the 2001-2003 biennium is $2,000.3 million dollars, half of which is $1,000,150, which is 10.5 percent of the annual gaming revenue."
Abstract The paper uses history, the legal issues concerning bilingual education, the moral issues concerning bilingual education, effective bilingual programs, and examples of success to form an argument for the use of bilingual education.
From the Paper "The United States has always been a country where one could go to escape tyranny and persecution, and start a new, prosperous life. However this age old right of immigrants is in danger. Now the US is still very accepting of immigrants, but starting a prosperous life is in jeopardy because of cuts in the bilingual education programs. Although a legal and mandatory program, bilingual education has come under scrutiny and many programs have been cut, even in many states that have a substantial non-English speaking population. Bilingual Education is not a new idea; according to Dr. Perry Castelli, in their book Social Foundations of American Education (2000) there have been forms of the program ever since the 1800s ( 229). However, there was not an outcry for official bilingual education laws until the 1960s, mainly because immigrants were less concerned with education and more concerned with starting a new life (Castelli 2000). This has all changed in today's world. According to Judy Davis Smith in her article "The New Immigrant Students Need More than ESL" (2004) "between the years 1991 and 1999, the number of language minority school-aged children who are now living in the United States rose from 8 million to 15 million" (Davis 21). We cannot afford to have all of these children go through life without an education. According to The Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (1998), Bilingual Education also allows students of all backgrounds and education levels to learn English through four different types of programs: Two-Way bilingual education, Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual education, Early-exit Transitional Bilingual education, and ESL Pull-out programs. This certainly shows the level of dedication to the bilingual education programs and the willingness to educate all children. In the United States today there is a growing need for more bilingual education programs, but instead many programs have been cut and more non-English speaking students have been left to fend for themselves. This should not be the case. Instead we should expand our bilingual education programs, and instead of trying to get rid of them, try and fix them because the futures of many children's lives are at stake."
This well-researched paper focuses on the rights of non-English speaking students to receive a fair and adequate education as well as the 14th amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law with regard to race or national origin.
Abstract This in-depth paper examines the xenophobic feeling prevalent in U.S. society which is exemplified by the laws of several states that display a hostile attitude toward foreigners and foreign languages. The writer of this paper discusses the lack of adequate English instruction in the school system which prevents non-English speaking students from receiving a proper education. This paper focuses on language rights in the U.S., which is a component of other rights as stated in the 14th amendment, that guarantees equal protection under law with regard to race or national origin. This informative paper cites numerous legal cases including the landmark bilingual education class action case of Lau vs. Nichols brought by non-English Chinese speaking students against the San Francisco Unified School District. This paper also explores the effectiveness of the Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 that requires affirmative action by a school district in overcoming language barriers that impede a student's equal participation in the educational process.
From the Paper "Although not related to a foreign language, the case Martin Luther King Jr. Elementary School Children v. Ann Arbor School District (1979) speaks to a lawsuit 11 black children brought against the AASD school board regarding an English dialect. According to the court, the plaintiffs assert that the children speak a version of "black English," otherwise known as Ebonics, as their community and home language, which impedes their equal participation in the educational process, and the school has not taken appropriate action to overcome the barrier. The District Court indicates that this case is an effort to require the school district to take appropriate action to teach the black children to read in standard English. Witnesses before the court testified that Ebonics is a language system that differs significantly from standard English and has been used at some time by 80 percent of the black people of this country. This dialect is especially prevalent in areas where there are concentrations of black people, and it contains aspects of Southern dialect that is used largely by black people in their casual conversation and informal talk."
Abstract This paper identifies and analyzes impacts of California's school attendance laws on students, families and schools and that enrollment in school will not guarantee proper education or learning. This paper explains how absenteeism has not only an effect on achievement, but also on promotion, graduation, and arguably even future employment prospects.
Contents:
California Legislation on School Attendance
Impacts of California School Attendance Laws
Implications for the Student
Implications for Parents
Implications for Schools
From the Paper "Recognizing that education is a right of everyone, California
has passed legislation on compulsory education, contained within the
California Education Code. E.C Section 48200 states:
Each person between the ages of 6 and 18 years not exempted under
The provisions. . . is subject to compulsory full-time education.
Each person subject to compulsory full-time education. . . shall
attend the public full-time day school or continuation school or
classes and for the full time designated as the length
of the school day by the governing board of the school district in
which the residency of either the parent or legal guardian is
located . . . Unless otherwise provided for in this code, a pupil
shall not be enrolled for less than the minimum school day
stablished by law.
Moreover, this law identifies responsibilities of parents and guardians to ensuring that a child both receives a proper education and regularly attends school.
Just as parents are responsible for their children's attending school, schools are responsible for making and enforcing attendance rules. Schools monitor attendance and note cases of excessive absenteeism. It is also a school's responsibility to help students and their parents improve a student's irregular school attendance. Therefore, California law on school attendance also affects families of students."
Abstract This paper discusses the case of Beth B. v Clay, an Illinois case about special education placement. The Illinois statutes, and concept of the least restrictive environment (LRE) are looked at, as well as the legal reasons for the court's decision that the school district had not violated either IDEA or ADA.
An examination of the famous 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case in which the Supreme Court finally declared segregation illegal in the U.S.
Abstract An examination into the history of U.S. constitutional law on the subject of racial segregation in public places and the different interpretations of the 14th Amendment (equal protection clause). The writer shows how this matter was clarified once and for all by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1954 Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education when segregation was finally declared illegal in America.
From the Paper "Once the Supreme Court decided that segregation definitely caused inequalities, it used the Constitution to prove that segregation was illegal. Warren admitted that the Fourteenth Amendment was vague and inconclusive, but also concluded that segregation defied the Fourteenth Amendment. Segregation in public schools did not provide equal opportunities, and students who were equally talented, but of different races, were being separated. The Chief Justice's famous closing statement summed up the reasoning used in the decision: "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . . .. the plaintiffs . . . are . . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment". (Urofsky-1989)"
