Abstract
The paper examines a number of issues. Specifically, the paper provides a definition of justice as it pertains to law enforcement and it examines the extent to which justice and American policing co-exist peacefully. The paper also examines the controversy surrounding various police practices in recent years and explores the issue of whether or not 9/11 is wholly responsible for the changes which have taken place. Finally, the paper briefly concludes with what the challenges facing American law enforcement are in the years ahead and what can be done to overcome these challenges successfully.

From the Paper
"Law enforcement in America is inextricably linked with the administration of justice. For example, if law enforcement is weak, then justice will not be served for victims and for their families. The following paper will define justice as it relates to law enforcement and outline three current practices of law enforcement which demonstrate the "successful achievement" of the aforementioned definition. The paper will also examine whether or not all parties would agree with the contention that the above practices demonstrate the proper administration of justice; additionally, the paper will consider the possibility that they may, in fact, lead to injustice. Proceeding onward, the paper will note how law enforcement has changed since September 11, 2001, whether these changes have been positive or negative, worthwhile or necessary and whether or professionals within the field have been concerned by their emergence."

Tags:law, enforcement, challenges

Abstract
The 1980?s crime novel, "Gorky Park", by Cruz Smith, Shakespeare's "problem" play, "Measure for Measure", Marx and Engels's political manifesto, "The Communist Manifesto", and the World War II Warner Brothers motion picture, "Casablanca", all ask, at their respective narrative and philosophical hearts, the fundamental human question: What is justice? The paper shows that all grapple with the issue of how best to create a truly just society rather than one that is only superficially just. They ask, for example, whether just men and women or a just system of laws produce fair and equitable societies. Also, whether a fair code of laws or good people attempting to do what is right within any particular moral context is more important. The paper shows that, despite having been produced during different times and for different purposes, these four works form a textual unit that may be analyzed as argument by the critically inquisitive reader. Taken as a whole, this package of textual materials argues that the formulaic construction of law and government are meaningless, and the acts of good human beings alone can construct a truly just society.

From the Paper
"Marx and Engels called upon the reader, the member of the working proletariat, to respond to the text out of the outrage of his or her unjust experiences within the capitalist systems. The system must be changed, these authors counsel the reader. However, even these supreme advocates of systemic rather than personal and psychological change, must call forth within the reader a sense of sustained emotional outrage within his or her breast, without which no change would be possible. "All that we want to do away with is the miserable character of this appropriation, under which the laborer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it." (Chapter 2)"

Tags:Renko, KGB, Angelo, Rick

Abstract
This paper explains that justice is defined as conformity to moral rightness in action or attitude, the upholding of what is just, especially fair treatment and due reward; whereas, law is a body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community, the condition of social order and justice, created by adherence to a fixed legal system. The author points out that justice and law both aim at order and stability in society and the promotion of the highest welfare of the individuals in that society. The paper relates that the philosophy of law, which applies to Ann Hopkins' case, is stated by Oliver Wendell Holmes: Justice is subjective and changes according to the viewer's prejudice, viewpoint or social affiliation; however, a set of rules is needed to make society function and these rules must be carried out.

Table of Contents
Case # 1: Paul Cronan vs. New England Telephone Company
Case # 2: Ann Hopkins
Case # 3: Ashland Oil, Inc.: Trouble at Floreffe

From the Paper
"Law is founded on the natural law and positive law. Natural law deals with the doing of good and avoidance of evil, in keeping promises, telling the truth, compensating for injuries. Its standards are fairness and justice. Positive law is the set of rules agreed upon by the authority. It derives from common legal heritage, the court system and decisions, executive decrees and orders, legislative rules and laws and resolutions issued by the bureaucracy. It focuses more on order and stability and less on fairness and justice. However, natural law and positive law sometimes come in conflict, as in the issues of slavery, ownership of property, voting restrictions and racial segregation."

Tags:conformity, abstract, rules, welfare, holmes

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that businesses in Canada are bound by many laws. Important among these are contract law, as these govern the contracts that businesses make with each other, and with private persons. This essay discusses the law of contract, and especially laws that apply to breach of contract.

From the Paper
"This will be related to an interview I conducted with Mr. James Pflanz, who is a lawyer specializing in small business issues. The main purpose of contract law in our society has been summarized in this way: Civilized societies promote cooperation, and few institutions do so more ..."

Tags:law, justice, equality

Abstract
This study takes a detailed look at the laws and regulations pertaining to labor discrimination, the Equal Pay Act and how labor discrimination is a function of todays labor market. The paper also
examines the reality of gender discrimination in today's world and work force. The paper examines the laws and policy related matters as well as the theoretical positions of researchers and research findings in this area of study.

Outline:
Objective
Definition of Labor Market Discrimination
Background to the Study
Introduction
Examination of Equal Pay
Sex Discrimination Act
Gender Equality and the Role Of Law
Theoretical Perspectives Examined
Comparable Worth
Examination of the Theorists
Discussion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"On January 9, 2009 it was reported by Jim Abrams in the work entitled: "House Approves Bill to Fight Wage Discrimination" that the "House Democrats...energized by the prospects of a pro-labor president...marked the first week of the new Congress...by pushing through two bills to help workers, particularly women, who are victims of discrimination." Abrams relates that this act would effectively reverse the 2007 Supreme Court decision concerning the allotted time in which a worker is allowed to file a wage discrimination previously limited to 180 days of the "first decision to pay that worker less, even if the person was unaware of the pay disparity." (2009)
"The previous decision arose from a case in which Lilly Ledbetter, a supervisor at a Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. plant located in Gadsden Alabama sued the company over pay discrimination "when she learned, shortly before retiring after a 19-year career there, that she earned less than any male supervisor. A jury ruled in her favor, but the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 vote, threw out her complaint, saying she had failed to sue within the 180-day deadline after a discriminatory pay decision was made." (Abrams, 2009)"

Tags:discrimination, federal, law, employer, equality, justice, employee, male, female, wage

Abstract
This paper discusses how today's jurisprudence systems reflect the ideal of maintaining Constitutional rights in regards to personal freedoms, while courts maintain order based on society's moral values. The author argues that America's justice system is flawed, and for any reform to be attained it is up to the people and policy-makers to challenge and question the system.

From the Paper
"Every independent country has its own legal system, from the most primitive people, to the most advanced societies. The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government. Most systems can be classified as either a common law system or a civil-law system. Most English-speaking countries have a common-law legal system, which have laws for civil acts and criminal acts (World Book, 2006: 132). Examples for these countries are The United States, Canada, and Great Britain. Most other countries have a civil-law system, for example France and Mexico. Many countries combine features of both systems. Common-law systems are based mostly on case law, which means court decisions. This began in England hundreds of years ago (World Book, 2006: 132). Civil-law systems are based mostly on statutes, or legislative acts. The majority of civil-law countries have formulated their statutes into carefully organized collections called codes. In common law countries statutes, rather than the courts, have the final say in any question of law (World Book, 2006: 132)."

Tags:law courts, judicial system, federal government, legal system

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of semiotics and uses a "Law and Order" episode, "Hardfocus," in order to explore the use of signifiers on television. The writer analyzes the episode, explaining its issues, the various types of signifiers used, and how a complete understanding of the show and the multiple sociological and cultural issues it raises depends on understanding signifiers, and how and when and where they interface or clash. In this episode, the D.A. delivers most of the 'signifiers' regarding the likely perceptions of the public when it comes to pedophiles. Lastly, editing techniques, lighting and the lack of music until the announcement of the verdict are also powerful siginifiers.

From the Paper
"NBC notes, on its own website, (NBC website, http://www.nbc.com/Law_&_Order/about/), that the show is most often "multi-faceted." The "Hardfocus" episode dealt with several issues, all set off by the murder of a known pedophile. One issue was pedophilia itself; the writers assumed that every viewer would have a negative attitude toward pedophilia. When it came to the person who was the pedophile, however, the issue became less clear. The writers did not assume that all viewers would accept denying the pedophile his civil rights (privacy, in this case), and various characters were given lines--signifiers--that indicated that there might be a political or moral problem with condemning the person rather than the behavior."

Tags:journalism sensationalism, reality TV, murder justice eviddence criminal

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that State X has a law that permits law enforcement officers to hold mentally ill suspects for lengthy periods of time while their fitness for trial is determined. The writer notes that arrest of such individuals may be the only option for law enforcement, as the offender may not be exhibiting signs of mental illness great enough to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The writer discusses that nonetheless, there may be certain constitutional laws that may be afforded such detainees.

Tags:supreme, court, constitutional, state, law

Abstract
This paper is written as if it is an investigation by a state legislature's Criminal Justice Committee into a law that reads: "Any person who knowingly engages in sexual intercourse with a person other than his or her spouse, if that person is related by consanguinity or affinity, shall be guilty of the felony of incest and punished according to the laws of the state."

From the Paper
"As a member of this state's legislature, and more specifically its Criminal Justice Committee, it is my duty to study and alter laws that have either become outdated or that are inherently unfair. The legislation needing examination, in line with the theme of laws prohibiting consensual sexual relations among adults, deals with the uncomfortable topic of incest. Yet, as with many problems not pleasurable to deal with, this important law has great ramifications, and one that deserves an update. The law in question states that: Any person who knowingly engages in sexual intercourse with a person other than his or her spouse, if that person is related by consanguinity or affinity, shall be guilty of the felony of incest and punished according to the laws of the state."

Tags:criminal, laws, incest

Abstract
This paper explains that laws reflect, not universal, natural conditions, but particular cultural and social constructions. The author argues that one of the reasons that laws exist is to impose an artificial simplicity and order onto human behavior and human belief. The paper points out that, in a democracy, the law shifts from one era to the next, trying to reflect and create as great a consensus as is possible, but always leaving a large number of people outside of that consensus.

From the Paper
"Let us take a recent example of this. Ira Einhorn, who had been convicted in absentia in 1993 of killing his girlfriend, had fled to France. When U.S. authorities determined that he was living in that country, they asked French officials to allow them to extradite Einhorn back to the United States when he could be retried and sentenced. Both France and the United States have as a part of their culture and their laws a prohibition against murder. However, in France, this prohibition against murder includes executions (which opponents often refer to as state-sanctioned murder). In the United States (at least at the federal level and in many of the states), the legal and cultural prohibition against murder does not include execution."

Tags:einhorn, culture, simplicity, behavior, democracy