Abstract
The paper discusses the attrition and retention of languages. In the paper, attrition refers to a gradual or marked loss of the understanding ,or the ability to converse and communicate, in a language. The paper examines language retention, which is the way that language is acquired and maintained. The paper further examines the way that this retention is affected by various linguistic, socio-linguistic and psychological factors.

From the Paper
"Another theory that is encountered in the literature on second language learning is the Frequency of Use theory. The theory refers to the view that things learn best are most often retained. A study by de Bot, Gommans, and Rossing (1991) of Dutch learners in a French environment found that language attrition was related to the amount of contact that the Dutch learners had with other people who spoke their language in the French environment. "They discovered that the length of time away from the Netherlands would not cause attrition for this generation of immigrants if they had many regular first language contacts."

Tags:obsolescence, bilingualism, proficiency, dominant, subtractive

Abstract
The paper outlines research that will demonstrate the need to analyze existing data and formulate new research on foreign language retention, why it occurs on a post-secondary level and what obstacles contribute to increased or reduced retention in foreign language programs. The paper first reviews the literature and discusses the methodology to be used. The paper then shows that if the system becomes more open to communication style teaching through collaboration and other learning/teaching styles, and technology in learning is adaptive and appropriate, the post-secondary foreign language academy will likely improve retention and retain diversity. The paper highlights the need for mor research in this area of foreign language study in post-secondary systems.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Review of Literature
Methodology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As the culture in which we live becomes increasingly diverse and highly focused on globalization, concepts of foreign language teaching and learning at all levels of education become much more important. (Gerwin & Osborn, 2002, p. 80) (Whitt, Edison, Pascarella, Terenzini & Nora, 2001, p. 172) Yet, statistics of enrolment and success in post-secondary foreign language education do not seem to play out this growing necessity. "In recent years, the language-instruction profession has seen alarming declines in enrollment in languages other than Spanish .... " (Moser, 2001, p. 3) Creating systems that promote retention of individuals in foreign language learning programs at the post-secondary level is therefore crucial to the development of educators and individuals who are fully prepared for a multi-lingual community and work environment."

Tags:collaboration, curriculum, diversity, technology

Abstract
This paper analyzes and critiques an article written by K.S. Folse which examines the variable effects of three different vocabulary exercises on word retention, based on a sample of ESL students enrolled in intensive language programs at American universities. The paper concludes by explaining the limitations of the study.

From the Paper
"Implications for classroom practice are extensive. Teachers who base their vocabulary exercises and assessment tools on original sentences, based on the assumption that original sentences will lead to retention, may need to rethink their approach to TESOL. Folse (2006) adds that creating original sentences place undue time and energy demands on the students, which may detract from their actual ability to retain the word. Teachers also have to spend more time on grading original sentences, and poor grammar may impact grades without reflecting whether or not the student actually understood the target word. Writing sample sentences with the target words, teachers can create more meaningful and effective exams that are also easier to grade."

Tags:ESL, memory, retention, software

Abstract
This paper focuses on the flaws in the present educational system of teaching foreign languages. The paper highlights the inadequacies and presents a plan to change the way we regard foreign language classrooms. The paper proposes concentrating on students who have the motivation to learn, teaching the teachers an effective methodology that addresses learning strategies to use in the classroom and many other strategies. The paper concludes that implementing a comprehensive plan could be difficult, but once accomplished, it could lead to more effective teaching, learning and retention from the high school foreign language classrooms. This would benefit the students, teachers and ultimately the community.

From the Paper
"Many experts believe that anything less than a four year requirement is superficial while a large number of students that have to meet the standards are ambivalent to say the least. Studies have shown that a majority of the students who are required to study a foreign language while in high school retain very little of what they have learned and that within a five year time frame after leaving high school they have forgotten 95% of what they learned. If these studies are true then many individuals with even a little modicum of commonsense would scrap the efforts to teach the students a foreign language."

Tags:motivation, techniques, methodology, teachers

Abstract
The paper presents a literature review of various instructors' perceptions of self-directed learning, specifically focusing on foreign language teaching and learning at the university level. The paper includes a review of teaching strategies, learning theories and how self-directed learning is viewed by instructors in this field.

From the Paper
"This theory of a self-directed learning community suggests that unique synaptic connections are created when learners take control of the teaching as well as the reception of knowledge. Foreign language teacher's perceptions have inevitably been affected by this new emphasis on self-directed learning, causing a shift from seeing the student as the receptor of knowledge to an active participant in creating his or her knowledge. As noted by Ormond (2000), there has been a considerable debate between individual instructors who see learning as innate versus as imposed upon by the outside. While foreign language learning might seem to be obviously 'learned' and taught by an instructor, self-directed learning taps upon the way that learning is achieved even on a first-language basis, through interaction and discovery."

Tags:teaching, instructors, knowledge, retention

Abstract
This paper explores human resources issues in assigning English-language teachers to a major University in China. The issues explored in this paper focus on the need for English-language teachers and strategies that can be used to promote recruitment of qualified teachers and retention of existing teachers with specific skills. The paper focuses on strategic management and integration of multiple areas of management.

From the Paper
"This paper shall explore a fictional case study of Human Resources management as a means of promoting recruitment and retention among English-language teachers at a University in China. The fictional case study shall define the problem and provide series of detailed recommendations to help solve the target problem.
"China's gross domestic product is growing at a rate of ten percent per year, with increases of twelve percent for its gross national product."

Tags:business, management, resources

Abstract
The paper examines the relationship of teacher preparedness, teacher beliefs (i.e., philosophy, instructional approaches and curricula) and the availability of remedial reading services on adequate yearly progress (AYP) in reading in New Hampshire public schools. It discusses the history of the No Child Left Behind Act and the definition of 'highly qualified' when it comes to teaching. It then examines the concept of adequate yearly progress and the issue of third-grade readers and phonetic ability.

Table of Contents:
Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Highly-Qualified Teachers
No Child Left Behind and Adequate Yearly Progress
Teacher Retention
Language Literacy
The Importance of Learning to Read
Reading Assessment
Remedial Education and Cooperative Learning

From the Paper
"The first way is to ensure that each group member is responsible not for everything that the group does but for a specific and unique part of the group task (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). The second way is for students to be completely and individually responsible for their own learning (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). When either one of these things are done, it ensures that each student does an adequate amount of work because he or she must perform a specific task in order to be graded fairly (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994)."
"Students who do not perform this specific task will bring down the grade of the entire group but it is quite likely that the group itself will work with this individual and not allow one person to pull down the grade of others who are working hard to ensure that they learn all that they can and that their grades reflect this new learning (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994). One study that looked at group grades within the higher education spectrum indicated that there were many reasons that these students felt cooperative learning was a good idea (Courtney, Courtney, & Nicholson, 1994)."

Tags:literacy, language, classroom, phonology, instruction

Abstract
This paper explores a fictional case study of human resources management as a means of promoting recruitment and retention among English-language teachers at a University in China. The fictional case study defines the problems encountered and provides a series of detailed recommendations to help solve the target problem.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
An Effective Recruitment and Retention Program
Working with the Government
Recruitment from Western Countries
Retention of Existing English-Language Teachers
Personnel Involvement and Recommendations for Implementation
Review of the Strategy

From the Paper
"In order to make certain that these steps are proceeding as planned, consistent review is necessary. Human Resources needs to maintain the language liaison's office within the scope of its own department. The liaison will be required to provide documentation of progress on a monthly basis for the first twenty four months of the program; it may be needed to review progress every two weeks if conflict or unforeseen challenges arise, such as conflict between the government and the University. All review will consist of oral reports and documentation that reflects the current status of each phase of the program. Specific consideration needs to be made to detailing observed areas in which problems have occurred or could occur, and recommendations that could be used to reduce or avoid these."

Tags:liaison, behavior, HR, documentation

Abstract
The paper discusses how fluency is recognized as a significant component of literacy, but is not often approached by educators as either a separate element of language comprehension or as an outcome that can be influenced through fluency training. The paper emphasizes that fluency is mistakenly believed to be the outcome of language training or a natural extension of a student's ability to read. The paper shows how improvements in fluency are necessary to improve comprehension of information, speed used to process information, and retention of information. The paper describes how in this case study, reading comprehension was examined among six students within a classroom of twenty students, and the study was done as a whole class setting for the first three weeks then a small group setting for the next three weeks. This paper explores the impact of bettering reading comprehension and fluency within a small group setting and a whole class setting. The paper compares both sets of results of this study that showed that a small group setting has a higher rate in reading comprehension as well as reading fluency.

From the Paper
"Fluency is recognized as a significant component of literacy, but is not often approached by educators as either a separate element of language comprehension or as an outcome that can be influenced through fluency training. Rather, fluency is mistakenly believed to be the outcome of language training or a natural extension of a student's ability to read. Improvements in fluency are necessary to improve comprehension of information, speed used to process information, and retention of..."

Tags:literacy, theory, fluency

Abstract
This paper explains that Napoleon firmly believed that Frenchmen needed equality more than liberty; he saw the codification of the laws as a means of giving stability to both the French economy and society. The author states that the Code Napoleon is written in clear and concise language and seeks to strike a balance between Roman and customary law by blending the egalitarian principles of the Revolution in regards to individual rights with the conservative views of Roman law regarding property rights. The paper relates that the Declaration de Saint-Owen guaranteed the retention of Napoleon's Code as the law of France; however, (1) of the countries of the Empire, only the Belgian provinces and the Rhineland retained the civil code completely intact, (2) Holland, Italy and Portugal modeled their national codes upon it and (3) Spain, several South American countries, the State of Louisiana and French Canada would all later adopt large portions of the Napoleonic Code into their own codes.

From the Paper
"Prior to the French Revolution, French law was divided chiefly between two systems: Roman law (which had changed little since the Justinian Code (533 AD)) was paramount in the southern two-fifths of France; and Teutonic Customary law in the northern provinces with the dividing line running generally along the river Loire. Some attributes of customary law existed in the south, and traces of Roman law could be found in the Northern provinces. In the north there were over sixty regional variations of the customary law in existence; in addition to the over three hundred local variations which combined the regional law with the unique local customs of the region. "Voltaire was not exaggerating when he said that in France the traveler changed laws as often as he changed horses.""

Tags:equality, stability, justinian, family, economics