Abstract
This paper shows how, through the three autobiographical works, "Talk," by Maxine Hong Kingston, "Hunger of Memory," by Richard Rodriguez and "Brownsville School Days," by Alfred Kazin, a reader can plainly comprehend the difficulties associated with immigration and language learning and how those difficulties interact with a developing child's mind. It discusses how, though the cultures and languages of all three of these authors are vastly different and the severity of internal and external reactions they have to the circumstances, their emotional and intellectual responses to their challenges are strikingly similar.

From the Paper
"The simple voices of these three children of different cultures become complex words and ideas issued forth through the phenomena of growing up as an outsider and immigrant and most importantly a non-native English speaker. In these three works it is plainly evident that the difficulty of immersion language training is strikingly similar, no matter the culture. Language culture and identity are the focus that can be demonstrated through the commonalities in experience of the intellectual degradation of their native culture, their parents and most plainly the degradation of self that is sourced in a limited ability to communicate in English."

Tags:native, development, child, intellectual

Abstract
This paper explores the notion of identity through various viewpoints in contemporary modernity. This paper explores the way language, power and culture shapes the concept of the I by examining Foucaldian concepts, lingual construction and cultural studies.

From the Paper
"With the impending future of global culture, the way in which the concept of the "I" is constructed through an inter-connective culture becomes more obvious, since it affects the process through which the world consistently enriches itself through individual interaction with contemporary society. The concept of "I" as an identity, fuelled by a wide range of philosophical, lingual and cultural discourses, can be seen as an interactive system inseparable with subjectivity, or, as Giddens proposes, a narrative which is able to build up a consistency of biographical continuity (1991; 75). In these terms is possible to view identity as a personal collective project, influenced by the light of circumstance, self-reflexivity and interaction. These elements, inherently produced through the social facets of power, language and culture, form the basis to the perception of "me" as both socially as well as privately constructed. To comprehend this nature of identity as a construction of these facets, then, it is crucial to analyze the way in which power, language and culture interact and serve as the sociological truism in which the "I" is understood, through social roles, discourses and disciplines exploring the perception of the self as a cultural product."

Tags:foucault, globalisation, identity, linguistics, modernity, panopticon, postmodernism

Abstract
Although many professionals and business entities appear to have developed a knack for cross-cultural communication, the truth is that successful communication is the result of a well thought-out strategy without which significant trouble may occur resulting in loss of revenue and credibility of organizations and their products.

Abstract
This paper discusses linguistics and shows the relationship between a culture and the language they speak, explaining that both are unique and dependent on each other, but one certainly does not determine the other. It also includes studies that show that tasks can be carried out without having a specific language and that language does not limit and certainly does not determine the thought process of figuring out problems.

From the Paper
''There is a distinct relationship between the people within a culture and the language that they speak. Language and culture depend on each other and one cannot truly exist without the other. Communication is key when forming a culture, and without some form of cohesive language that culture will not thrive. Having recognized this marked relationship, does one determine the other? Does a language determine the culture and rituals of everyday and even ancestral habits of life? Or does the culture determine how the people use language and how they communicate through ways of life as a result of the culture influencing their thought? In some cases, it is not always black and white; there is not one correct answer. I believe that language and culture are unique and are dependent on each other but one certainly does not determine the other.
''There are about 7000 languages for the billions of people populating the world, so languages and cultures are ultimately shared and blended in with one another. People of the same language are scattered across the globe and come from very different cultures.''

Tags:linguistic, culture, language, relationship, communication

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that a century of anthropological and psychological research has addressed language development and acquisition as a child developmental task across cultures. Nativist models suggest that the human brain is geared to speech as an inborn, automatic set of processes; interactionists argue that culture and interaction, of course, indicate successful language development or its failure. The writer presents a reflection on various scholars' search for a universal theory in developed and non-Western cultures, often not taking into account particular circumstances or what delayed speech may or may not mean.

From the Paper
"Language development specialists who belong to Psychology have joined anthropologists in trying to arrive at a theory of language acquisition that refers to children of all cultures. Language development does seem to appear quickly in most infants and soon, with only loose or complete connections between linguistic knowledge and experience, a normal child one that responds to his or her surroundings verbally, often trying to communicate with others before speech facility have been achieved. What seems a human instinct towards language, a kind of biological blueprint ..."

Tags:language

Abstract
This paper examines the various strategies that school systems have employed to better integrate native languages and cultures into educational strategies in order to improve the efficacy of these strategies.

From the Paper
"This document discusses the impact of language and culture on education. Particularly it examines the various strategies that school systems have employed to better integrate native languages and cultures into educational strategies in order to improve the efficacy of these strategies.
"The importance of understanding the impact that a student's native language and culture has on his or her ability to learn is critical in the..."

Tags:language, learning, native

Abstract
The paper discusses the various strategies that school systems have employed to better integrate native languages and cultures into their curriculum. The paper emphasizes the need for educational systems to develop an integrated learning system which addresses the learning needs and styles of all students rather than just the majority culture.

From the Paper
"The importance of understanding the impact that a student's native language and culture has on his or her ability to learn is critical in the success of the educational program the student is in. Zehler touches upon the importance and complexity of language and culture on educational success when she states that English language learners (ELL) have specific needs: "...they need to build their oral English skills. They also need to acquire reading and writing skills in English. And they must...maintain a learning continuum in the content areas (e.g., mathematics, science, and social studies)"(1994). Thus, educational programs and, indeed, systems must account for not simply for the ELL student's target language acquisition but the ELL student's entire curriculum base."

Tags:dual-immersion, bilingual, curriculum, minorities, diversity

Abstract
This essay argues that Brian Friel's play, "Translations," is about the power and importance of language in keeping a cultural identity true to itself. The play concerns efforts of the British Army to rename Gaelic place names in a small Irish village with proper English names. The true purpose of the translations, however, which is to Anglicize the map of Ireland and undercut Irish power and nationalism, is kept from the Irish citizen. The paper also examines the concept of alienation that is created when characters are forced to deal with the loss of their cultural identity. The inability to completely translate the place names so that they retain their original meaning is ultimately a symbol of instability in the effort to enclose a subculture within a larger, foreign culture.

From the Paper
"Another theme explored in the play is the way in which members of a society living under a colonialist government find themselves forced into varying forms of alienation in order to deal with the gradual loss of their own system of civilization (Brown, 196). This is clearly represented in the ways in which many of the characters in the play withdraw or wish to withdraw in some way out of social interaction. For instance, there is Sarah, who has withdrawn into herself so deeply that even the simple act of saying her name out loud becomes an almost joyous occasion. One way to escape the imprisonment of colonial domination is, of course, to leave the place being dominated, and this form of alienation is dealt with in the character of Maire, who longs to emigrate from Ireland to America."

Tags:colonialism, imperialism, linguistics

Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the 18th century, the British missionaries and their establishing institutions of learning, which initiated much of the early education of the Indians, thought that if English was intrinsically healthy, it stood to reason that the Indian languages were the opposite. The author points out that, to find employment in a civil service position, an individual needed to pass an English qualifying exam and receive a "western degree"; therefore, it is no surprise that the educated class, in some cases, became more English than the English. The paper relates that, with the leadership of Gandhi, who was once an avid Anglophile, the many Indian languages came to be favored over English; however, even today, English is used as a kind of national language for affairs of state because India is multi-lingual and having a unifying language is seen as important. Several long quotes.

From the Paper
"The group that benefited possibly the most was the Bengalis.
The Bengalis developed a vigorous Westernized culture quite independent of their British neighbors. Education became a mark of social distinction as well as a means for advancement. Competition in the schools and universities was (and is) fierce by Western standards. The highly educated and literate populace gave rise to a great demand for books. A few blocks south of the Marble Palace is the College Street Market where, adjacent to the dignified buildings of Calcutta University, there exists a prodigious collection of publishers and booksellers. The market is an intellectual phenomenon in itself, probably the largest book market in the world. Books on every conceivable subject are published both in English and Bengali. The Bengali authors have a marvelous facility with the English language and at its best the quality of literature in Calcutta ranks with that of any center in the world."

Tags:macaulay, gandi, public, western, social

Abstract
This paper describes the Chinook Indian tribes of Washington and Oregon. The writer describes their territory, language, social structure and customs, such as division of labor between the sexes, marriage, and status symbols. The writer also gives an overview of their dietary habits, their hunting methods, and the other foods that they consumed, with some detail on the edible thistle and the fruit named salal.

Outline:
Introduction
Lower Chinookan of Northwestern United States of America
History
Hunting
Vegetables
Fruits
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A language called Chinookan, which derives from Tsinu, was predominately spoken among groups of people living in Washington and Oregon along the coasts and along the banks of the Lower Columbian and Willamette Rivers in the 1700s to the early 1900s. Seven groups consist of Chinook proper, the Clackamas, Clatsop, Shoalwater Chinook, Wahkiakum, and Cathlamet (Kathlamet). The Columbia River bisects the territory from east to west and the Willapa Bay in the other side. The coast, of course, is on the whole west side."

Tags:Penutian, epidemic, dentalia, slave, trade, elk