Abstract
A comparative analysis on the views of anxiety and fear offered by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, who hold polar opposite views on the concepts. The paper explains how Freud believes they are distinct phenomenon while Lacan holds that they are one and the same.

From the Paper
"Where the concepts of anxiety and fear are concerned, both concepts were instrumental in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories, but Freud ultimately evolved two theories related to anxiety. Freud's first theory of anxiety posited in ... viewed anxiety as merely the product of sexual libido that has not been properly discharged. (Evans) However, Freud abandoned this theory in ... and posited a theory of anxiety assignal in which he argued that anxiety is the direct product of trauma. In this theory, anxiety..."

Tags:fright, separation, castration, Oedipal phase, libido, desire, determinate object, repression, protection

Abstract
This paper considers the ways in which the theories of Jacques Lacan 1901-1981) can be applied to Toni Morrison's "Beloved". This author discusses Lacan evaluation of Toni Morrison's "Beloved" as being "said softly and with such kindness".

Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of oppression and analyzes how it is addressed in fundamentally distinct ways in the writings of Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon and Jacques Lacan. The paper then explores, in turn, how each thinker develops his respective understanding of the concept. The paper focuses, in particular, upon points of convergence between psychological and political oppression.

From the Paper
"While it may be objected that this is "reading" too much into what was simply an act of rape, Fanon's text makes clear that French colonial power was by no means simple. In fact, the colonial authorities deployed not only torturers but also doctors and psychiatric specialists to subjugate the Algerian people to French power (Fanon 284). The act by the French interrogator of not only raping the woman, and thus satisfying his own anger, but of also stressing that the woman tell her husband is revealing of the complexity of this act for the French."

Tags:subjugation, authority, power

Abstract
This paper examines how Derrida applies his process of deconstruction to the term "animal." It looks at how Derrida asserts that "animal" and "human" did not always represent two distinct categories; rather, there are humans, mice, monkeys, snakes, etc., and a human is no more different from a mouse than a snake is from an elephant. The paper also discusses how, when Judeo-Christian thought became dominant, the concept of "the animal" came into existence as an absolute other and, with this linguistic separation, came a psychical divide that caused us to lose touch with the dark, mysterious, "animal" which resides deep inside of ourselves.

Outline:
Introduction
Derrida On Lacan: The Animal Cannot Cover Up Its Tracks. But Can The Human?
The Seer
The Great Disavowal

From the Paper
"An animal's relationship to the world is limited by its "disinhibitors" - its inner drives that render it completely passive to its bodily demands. Heidegger calls this state of passivity "captivation." The animal is completely at one with its disinhibitor - it does not have the reflexive ability to step back from its drives and perceive that it is controlled by them. Because it cannot see outside of its "disinhibiting ring," it only perceives the world insofar as it relates to its own instinctual demands. Not being able to escape this state of stupefaction, objects only exist for the animal in relation to its present needs. Unable to step out of its disinhibiting ring, it cannot perceive objects as existing in themselves, as more than a means to serve the ends of its disinhibitors. Passivity with respect to its disinhibitor implies passivity with respect to objects in the world - it must use and perceive them only insofar as its disinhibiting ring requires. "

Tags:deconstruction, linguistics, genealogy, animal-rights, post-structuralism

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Ego and the Subject by first defining the two concepts and putting them in a frame of reference for easy understanding. The paper examines whether the Subject is an individual in any way and whether it can be defined with the Ego present. The paper explains that a key difference between the two concepts is that the Ego is a structural and topographical concept whereas Subjectivity precludes structure. The paper explores this difference.
Outline
Introduction
The Ego and the Subject
Conclusion

From the Paper
"First the Ego or "I" according to Freud is "symbolized in dreams by a fortress, or a stadium-- its inner arena and enclosure, surrounded by marshes and rubbish-tips, dividing it into two opposed fields of contest where the subject flounders" (Lacan 5). This is where the idea of the Ego being based upon structure is derived from the imagery of dreams found in the human psyche. It seems one is ready to invent boundaries or compartments of complexities in order to explain or name human behavior. This happens so one can make logical sense out of experiences that may be difficult to process. Even Freud realized he made a mistake and gave Ego too much importance by "attributed powers and responsibilities to the ego that the ego was ill equipped to exercise" (Bodie 18). It is because of this Freud applied structure or division of the human subject into the conscious and unconscious portions even though structure does not work with the Subject. Despite these separations even Freud admitted "the ego is not sharply separated from the Subject; its lower portions merge into it" (Bodie 19)."

Tags:psychoanalysis, self, dreams

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, and Sigmund Freud as they relate to linguistic, psychological, and semiotic interpretations of the individual and of the culture as a whole. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of Saussure's theory of semiotics and the outlines of Freudian psychological theory, and then to discuss the connection between the work of Lacan and Freud in regard to analysis of human subjectivity, as well as the connection between Lacan's work to linguistic theory in general and Saussurian semiotics in particular.

According to Saussure, language has a dual function. One is public, or a logical and social, while the other is private, imaginative, or psychological. It is in the second manner that creative and imaginative processes may surface, including the ..."

From the Paper
"This study will provide a critical psychoanalysis of Colette's novel The Pure and the Impure, focusing on the characters' pursuit of jouissance, or pleasure, specifically sexual pleasure as essential element of love. However, if love is viewed as one's profound emotional connection to the beloved in at least a partial forsaking of one's egocentricity, then this pursuit of jouissance is more an expression of narcissism, or obsessive self-love, than of true love of another. In any case, none of the characters in the novel can be said to be happy because of their pursuit of pleasure or even because of their achieving it. Colette is a liberated woman, but she also a keen observer of the passing scene, not a naive idealist, and she hardly believes that the pursuit or achievement of jouissance will bring happiness. In fact, the more a character is obsessed..."

Abstract
In "L?Immoraliste" by Andre Gide and "The Captive" by Marcel Proust, neither main character attains his desire. This paper shows that the reason for each gentleman?s failure can be found in the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. It explains that, according to the work begun by Freud and continued by Lacan, desire is forever elusive because the object of desire is continually non-existent. This lack of an object for desire is explored by applying the theories of Freud and Lacan to the works in question.

From the Paper
"The main desire of Michel, the narrator in L?Immoraliste is self-actualization and self-discovery. His own inner soul becomes his elusive Other. The problem however arises when circumstances devastate Michel's original self, and another takes its place. It is interesting that Michel and Marceline's positions as they relate to each other change progressively throughout the novel, as do Michel's own disposition and desire. In the beginning of the narrative Michel is ill, and Marceline is healthy. These positions reverse as the novel continues. The hope of a new baby is lost with Marceline's miscarriage and things basically deteriorate in Michel's inner world as they do for Marceline's physique."

Tags:freud, lacan

Abstract
This paper analyzes Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilych", by integrating the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan in order to examine the development and indeed demise of the main character. It looks at how Ivan develops from a young person with very idealistic, if somewhat mundane ambitions, to a disillusioned and emaciated man on his death bed. The paper further discusses how Ilych's condition of ego-idealism and narcissism was to a great extent to blamed upon both his society and his childhood and how tragically, he appears to have left this legacy to his children as well.

From the Paper
"Many of Freud's theories have been popularized by today's cultures in terms such as repression, libido, superego, fetishism, and others. Felluga however warns that such terms should not be taken at the often shallow interpretations presented today, but that they should be investigated in terms of Freud's original meanings. Particularly applicable to Tolstoy's main character in The Death of Ivan Ilych are Freud's concepts of repression and superego. Lacan built upon Freud's work to create his theory of the subconscious, and also to create new terms such as the natural or essential reasons for psychic processes. Of use here are instincts and ideology."

Tags:Sigmund, Freud, Jacques, Lacan, ego

Abstract
The paper analyzes representations of pain within the novel "Crime and punishment" by Dostoevsky and the short story "Bartleby the Scrivener: A story of Wall-street" by Melville in light of the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. The paper highlights the melancholia in the behavior of Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov after he commits the murders. In Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener" the paper explains that one can see, based on attitudes and behaviors of Melville's passive, non-ambitious lawyer-narrator, a psychological reflection of Bartleby himself, and vice-versa. The paper shows how Melville's narrator's uneasy identification with Bartleby becomes more understandable.

From the Paper
"In Dostoevsky's Crime and punishment the social context of the novel is that of late 19th century Tsarist Russia, a milieu within which Dostoevsky's main character Rodion Romanovitch ("Rodya") Raskolnikov is burdened with both financial problems and a sense of the social injustice of his surroundings. The latter springs from the social inequality he observes all around him in Tsarist Russia, and which he himself also feels."
"In casual conversation with another student one day, the student mentions how he himself could kill the old pawnbroker Alyona "without the faintest conscience-prick" (Dostoevsky, Crime and punishment, Chapter 6 [online text])."

Tags:mourning, Raskolnikov, Freud, Lacan