Abstract
A discussion of individual knowledge gained by past experience, from actions and of knowledge in a business situation which depends on the environment, with the environment dependent on management.

From the Paper
"The knowledge philosophy can be summarized by breaking it down into three areas. Firstly, individual knowledge comes from past experience. Knowledge is gained by an individual's experience. People are given certain facts that they may accept as truths, with a person able to either accept or reject the idea. Based on their past experience, including past knowledge they have accepted, they will either accept or reject new knowledge. Rejection would mean assuming either that the piece of information is not true or that it is not important. Acceptance would mean taking the information in and accepting it as part of what they know."

Tags:experience, learning, teaching, management

Abstract
This paper explains that Jurgen Habermas, in his theory of knowledge as social theory, elaborates on the important relationship between the natural sciences and the science of man with knowledge as its bridge. The author points out that this theory elicits the sense of reading Marxist social and economic theories, alternating with Hegelian concepts of dialectics. The paper relates that the theory of discourse ethics, which can be divided into categories of cognitivism, justice vs. good and universalization, is an exacting form of argumentation because it ensures the participation of all sides will not be threatened by coercion, save for the soundness and force of the argument.

Table of Contents:
Habermas' Theory of Knowledge as Social Theory
Discussion
Critique
Habermas' Discourse Ethics
Discussion
Critique

From the Paper
"On the other hand, the theory of relativity by Einstein will only remain up in the air if it were not tested by the discovery of nuclear fusion and fission, which in turn created nuclear reactors for electricity and its evil counterpart - the nuclear bombs of every kind and size threatening the world with annihilation. This then verifies Habermas' assertions on control of the natural processes being an instrument of control of social life processes. For the longest time since the Atom Bomb, the world has been shrieking in fear at the thought of a nuclear war between superpowers, especially during the Cold War."

Tags:marx, hegel, coercion, revolutionary, superstructures

Abstract
The paper considers theories of knowledge and their applicability to the financial services industry.

From the Paper
"Different theories of knowledge affect how individuals, and by extension, organizations, learn. The theories of knowledge that are held by decision-makers shape not only how information and knowledge are disseminated in an organization but even what is considered important enough to be learned. Theories of knowledge coupled with an industry's expectations and skills requirements also shape the way that learning and knowledge distribution takes place. By understanding various theories of knowledge and how they apply to different industries..."

Tags:knowledge, learning, financial services

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a comparison and contrast of a number of elements in the theories of knowledge offered by Plato and Aristotle respectively.

From the Paper
"In many ways the theories of knowledge offered by Plato Socrates and Aristotle are quite similar but Plato believes there is only one reality behind all of the phenomena in the world the realm of the Ideal Forms. Aristotle in contrast argued there are a series of realities. At each level the individual gets closer to the relationships that reveal true knowledge. This analysis will compare and contrast the theories of knowledge offered by Plato and Aristotle in their respective works."

Tags:Myth of the Cave, Divided Line, truth, knowledge, soul, substance, belief, opinion

Abstract
The following paper discusses and gives examples of how new ideas and knowledge are offered to public consciousness and that they are in turn either accepted or disregarded and whichever judgment is chosen, makes a statement about where society places its trust, how ready we are to accept change and how radical we will allow any changes to be. This paper distinguishes between different kinds of knowledge: Medical (scientific knowledge), Religious knowledge, Political ideologies and Social Science theories.

From the Paper
"Medical knowledge is an area which appears to be constantly advancing and changing, new ideas are regularly offered to the public consciousness to be either accepted or disregarded and whichever judgment is chosen makes a statement about where society places its trust, how ready we are to accept change, how radical we will allow any changes to be and whose theories and evidence mass society is willing to accept. An example of this is Alternative Medicine, although it is more accepted now than in previous years like, aromatherapy massage which is now actively promoted by mainstream health professionals as a complimentary therapy during pregnancy and treatment of bad backs, we even have a small number of practitioners qualified in alternative therapies, like homeopathy, scientists have even remarked in the age old profession of palmistry being very accurate in the diagnosis of certain illnesses, the setting up of The Royal Society in 1662 emphasized the 'expert knowledge' camaraderie between so-called experts over common sense knowledge. 'Expert knowledge' was historically endorsed and distributed by middle and upper class male establishments like the Royal Society which was founded by Charles II and allowed male members only and women were only allowed to qualify in Medicine in 1876. This male superiority increased authority to this group in society; their medical knowledge trusted and officially endorsed which in turn dismissed female 'common sense' knowledge."

Tags:certainties, knowledge, science, social, sociology, advancing, changing, consciousness, public, opinion, fact, israel, death, sudden, syndrome

Abstract
This paper examines the many theories and processes of contemporary management theory and explains the benefits and drawbacks of implementing these theories. The paper explains two of these theories - contingency theory and systems theory - in detail. The writer discusses how all of the contemporary management theories are somehow related to another. The writer then suggests that in order to understand these differences, organizations must become a 'learning organization' and be efficient in their knowledge management. The writer further notes that there are limitations to some of these theories as they are still currently being researched, developed and revised as time passes. The writer concludes that the beauty of contemporary management theory is that it allows us to combine, experiment and find best alternatives in dealing with today's managerial problems.

From the Paper
"Management has been around since the beginning of human civilization, way back to the Egyptian times. The earlier years of the last century gave birth to the first theories in approaching management, which we today classify as the classical perspective. During that time management theorists "conceptualise organisations as machines, and workers as cogs within those machines" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 21). This view gradually evolved into behavioural perspectives theories. The behavioural theories incorporated the elements of "individual attitudes and behaviours" as well as the "group processes" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 22). At present we now look at management at a contemporary perspective. Contemporary theories "seek to derive value for the organisation" (Davidson et al. 2006, p. 26) by trying to interpret the "today's organizational environments" through the use of past and current perspectives."

Tags:behavioural, theories, human, resource, management, quantitative

Abstract
The paper relates that contemporary organizational theories have shifted the focus of control from the organizational structure itself to the value and contribution of the individual. The paper explains this to mean that today's theories have changed from being essentially hierarchical, rigid and lacking agility. The paper shows how theories today take a more integrated approach to responding to customers and the broader market influences.

Outline:
Introduction
Organizational Theories' Evolutionary Pattern of Growth
The Future of Organizational Theories' Evolution
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In analyzing how contemporary organization theories are a product of an evolutionary process, the progression of theories can't be viewed in isolation, they must be seen as influenced by the broader demographic, economic, sociological and more immediate knowledge management and managerial trends within organizations. The progression of top-down organizational structures that were heavily influenced by both the military chain-of-command concepts (Mutch, pp. 751 - 769) and the bureaucratic approach to management have dramatically changed as organizational theories have transitioned over the last century. From theories that were centered purely on the creation of closed-loop systems that had as their catalyst military chains of command to the more contemporary theories today that stress agility and responsiveness, organizational theories have gone through significant change over the last century."

Tags:agility, responsiveness, military, chain-of-command, management, knowledge

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that one of the things that differentiates humans from other animals is our ability to communicate with each other in a variety of very effective ways. The writer points out that of these communication methods, speech is the method that most effectively distinguishes us from other animals, and which, arguably, has been most important in our progress to our dominance of all other species. This paper looks at the workings of language and the state of knowledge.

From the Paper
"However, speech is so ubiquitous that we seldom pause to think about how it works. However, some linguists and other theorists have paused to think about it, and have come up with interesting theories about how language works. These theories are reviewed in this essay, which reviews the state of knowledge ..."

Tags:discourse, theories, deficit

Abstract
The paper discusses how when teaching children grammar, teachers have to employ certain strategies, and in order to choose the most effective strategies for the students in the classroom, teachers must be able to distinguish between declarative and procedural knowledge. The paper explains that procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge do not automatically flow back and forth. The paper uses the example of English Language Learners; native speakers may be able to use their language fluently and correctly, but they may not understand the grammatical rules of the native language they are speaking. The paper explains that the same is true for declarative knowledge; declarative knowledge, which is the premise or theory of something, does not automatically mean you can do it, for example, students may learn the rules of grammar, but putting those rules to use correctly is a completely different matter ("Strategies for Learning Grammar", 2004).

From the Paper
"Declarative knowledge, or "knowing that," and procedural knowledge, or "knowing how," are two very different types of knowledge. Declarative knowledge: Knowledge about something that will allow you to describe and apply what you have learned ("Declarative Knowledge", 2007). Procedural knowledge: Learning how to do something. How to drive a car, how to ride a bike, how to juggle are examples of procedural knowledge (Holt, 2006). Chapter 8 of our text uses this example for procedural knowledge: Traffic--light red--stop; Traffic--light green--move (Sternberg, 2009, p. 322)."

Tags:declarative, procedural, knowledge

Abstract
This paper examines the philosophies of Plato, Nietzsche and Marx, with respect to the relationship between power and knowledge. It discusses the question of who should control knowledge and disseminate it in society, the faculty of reason and justifications for certain concepts of power.

From the Paper
"The relation between 'Power' and 'Knowledge' is indispensable, it is very often that Knowledge is had by some and others do action. Knowledge without action makes things static, it becomes of no use and action without knowledge leads to nowhere. Action is the way, in which knowledge progresses, to the good or to the detriment of people, societies and the future. These actions have always given way to some sort of power structure. What is in our power to do, is to analyze the social practices' in operation within our society. The more we gain knowledge of things the more powerful we become. As the human beings gained knowledge of things in the course of history, about the world and about themselves, they gradually gained control of things. But generally knowledge of certain things has always resulted in using that knowledge to gain power and control our others. This can be seen in religion, the knowledge about god, and other doctrines of religion has been used by people who claim to have knowledge of the absolute to oppress and gain control over the masses in the history of human civilization. Where ever there is knowledge there has to have power.

In this paper I will examine the issues which arise as a result of the relationship between knowledge and power and specifically to the aspect as to who should control knowledge and disseminate it in society. Of course power has always been exercised in different political and social practices, to analyze the operations of social practices in our society, the relationship between the faculty of reason and the justification of certain concepts that work within our society. The fact that the faculty of reason is also a social practices and has been used to justify many power relationships. In our society the thirst for abstract knowledge first began with the ancient Greeks, the first philosophers who were the lovers of wisdom or knowledge and knowledge for them was the search for truth."

Tags:philosophy, Plato, Nietzche, Marx, theory, relationship, reason