Abstract
This paper examines the political and historical identity of King Charles I of England. The author stresses his role prior to and during the English Civil War. The author evaluates the extent to which he was directly responsible for the outbreak of war.

Abstract
The English and the Dutch fought three wars in the seventeenth century of which the first two were about trade and the third about King Charles II and his attempts to gain power. This essay outlines these wars and the impact they had on the trade, politics and religion of Europe at that time. It also allows us to understand better the motives and drive behind the English king engaging in various treaties, alliances and of course battle. Great detail is paid to historical fact.

From the Paper
"The Dutch naval wars have been viewed as having lesser historical importance than many other events of the same time period, such as the English civil wars and the restoration of Charles II. However, these wars had a great impact on the trade, politics and religion of seventeenth century Europe. Three wars were fought between England and the Dutch Republic, the first two about trade. The third war, on which focus has been aimed, dealt with the monarch of England, Charles II, and his attempts to gain power. The third Dutch naval war failed to enhance Charles II's power because the war went badly and caused the treaty of Dover to backfire."

Tags:Charles, Dutch, England, history, naval, navy, war

Abstract
This paper studies the strategy of King Charles V to become a great Renaissance superpower and analyzes and evaluates whether these plans to bring his vast Empire that was a Euro skeptics nightmare together were bound to fail. It looks at the factors that influenced Charles V planning and policy making, the extension of the power of the Hapsburg dynasty throughout Europe, the unity of his domains, the defense of Catholic Europe against enemies from within, the problem of Lutheranism from within Germany and the almost continuous conflict with France and the threat of Turkish invasion.

From the Paper
"Charles strategy was that he always tried to be in the part of his Empire were he was most needed and were loyalty and unity appeared to be seeping. For example to promote unity in Spain Charles made a real effort to pose as the good Spaniard by staying in Spain for seven years from 1522-29, learning to speak Spanish and by marrying a Portuguese wife Isabella. This was also a necessary strategy as Charles must have appeared wholly foreign to his subjects, and being foreign would not inspire loyalty and unity. During his stay in Spain Charles established a monarchical relationship with the Spanish towns by
listening to the petitions of his Spanish subjects, and Charles removed corrupt administrators and officials to restore business and economic confidence."

Tags:empire, erasmus, henry, hapsburg, isabella, france

Abstract
This biographical study examines the critical contributions to computer science by Ada Augusta Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852). In addition to describing and analyzing Bryon's technical achievements, the study examines various personality traits and important facts from her life that demonstrate both the technical and human side of this fascinating individual, and that led to her unique contributions to the development of computers. The study also discusses the historical context in which Byron worked to show how the prevailing technological, social, and political environments negatively affected her abilities, as a woman during the Victorian era, to advance her scientific work. The study demonstrates that Augusta Ada Byron was both one of the most acute minds and most picturesque characters in computer history.

From the Paper
"A major turning point in Augusta Ada Byron's intellectual development occurred in 1833, when at the age of 18 years she met the famous scientist Charles Babbage at a social gathering (Freeman, 1996; Tee, 1979). Babbage was already widely known at the time as the inventor of the so-called "Difference Engine," a machine that applied the method of finite differences to perform mathematical computations (Freeman, 1996). The machine had to capacity to store numbers and perform additions, thereby enabling tables generated by polynomials to be computed by a uniform process (Freeman, 1996). Impressed with the young Ada, Babbage invited her to visit the studio where he kept his engine and was delighted when she showed up two weeks later, along with her domineering and meddlesome mother (Freeman, 1996; Tee, 1979). Ada was captivated by the Difference Engine and began regular correspondence with Babbage in an effort to learn all that she could about the invention and about Babbage's other ideas (Freeman, 1996)."

Tags:charles, babbage, engine, difference

Abstract
This paper explains that King Louis XIV, who reigned over France from 1643 to 1715, was one of the most infamous absolute monarchs of Europe. The author reports that, in his reign, the powers previously given to the Estates General were made obsolete thus making all of the Kings subjects, regardless of rank, pawns of the ruling dictator. The paper points out that Louis XIV had many critics who disapproved of his absolute power and censured the frivolous manner in which he ruled his court. The author relates that, through Colbert's implicit and careful diplomacy, the secret diary writings of the duc de Saint-Simon and the contrived, fictional letters penned by Montesquieu, the modern reader is presented with an accurate picture of the tensions of the times, the trivialities of the monarchs, and the discontent that was secretly raging behind the absolute monarchy.

From the Paper
"In the early years of his reign, Louis XIV had as his General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who, it can be deduced from his writings, knew just as well as his advisors and mistresses did how to best manipulate the King, as well as provide his negative opinions on the state of the monarchy to the general public without incurring the anger or Louis XIV. Colbert, who in 1664 wished to convince Louis XIV to participate in overseas trade, while also hoping to sway the general public to be of this opinion as well, wrote of the tumultuous state of the monarchy."

Tags:narcissistic, fear, criticism, power-hungry, finances

From the Paper
"Charles I (r. 1625-49) was a poor statesman whose deep belief in the divine right of kings was adhered to with a stubbornness that eventually led him to the scaffold. His single greatest accomplishment, his art collection, was assembled in the service of that ideal notion of kingship and it was not allowed to stand as his memorial. Charles managed the kingdom badly, was a poor diplomat and politician, provided unsound leadership, and refused to recognize the implacable nature of changes in society. The arena in which he did excel was that of display. Despite the rebellions, the civil wars, the foreign wars, the struggles with Parliament, and, most of all, the stricken economy, Charles' reign was marked by splendid entertainments, costly show, and the assembling of one of the finest art collections in Europe. When added to the perception of Charles' popish tendencies, his.."

Abstract
Charlemagne, the name given to Charles, King of France and the first Emperor of the western Christian Empire, lived and ruled during the eighth and ninth centuries, A.D. Over the course of his career as a leader, the Holy See, as its foremost defender and enforcer recognized Charlemagne. Under his rule, Christian Europe was effectively consolidated under one guiding political and religious body as had never been accomplished before. Over the course of this paper, his direct influence and control over the Church will be discussed.

Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper compares the themes of loyalty in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and William Shakespeare's King Lear. Perceptions of loyalties as opposed to actual loyalties are analyzed, as are the motivations of many of the characters regarding loyalty.

Abstract
The paper proposes that following the First English Civil War in the years 1646-1649, King Charles was ultimately to blame for the failure to reach a settlement. It examines his aims and actions, his duplicity and attempts to play his opponents against each other. It assesses the role of the New Model Army, and discusses the increasing radicalization of the Army, and its impact on a weakening Parliament.

From the Paper
"The period following the end of the First Civil War was one of increasing radicalization in politics. It saw the rise of the Army as a new force in the political life of the country, primarily at the expense of Parliamentary authority. It saw the decrease in power of the Parliament which was eventually reduced through outside pressures to the Rump of late 1648. It also saw the final steps to the trial and execution of a reigning monarch on charges of treason against his own subjects. Time and again Parliament attempted to reach a settlement with Charles; their attempts were consistently thwarted both by the intransigence of the King and by the desire of the Army for a resolution of the crisis which would satisfy their own political demands."

Tags:agitators, cromwell, engagement, heads, holles, ireton, levelers, model, new, proposals, putney, rainsborough

Abstract
This paper examines the discoveries of two famous men, Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin, and compares the way in which their respective ideas were accepted in their ages of discovery. It discusses how Galileo's discovery of the telescope and subsequent proving of the solar system's existence, led him to be branded as a heretic. The paper shows how Charles Darwin's 19th Century book "On the Origin of Species" also caused him to be labeled a heretic, especially when he related his theory to the evolution of man. The paper shows how both Galileo and Darwin undermined the Catholic church and in the face of enormous obstacles, eventually led people to accept their theories.

From the Paper
Galileo Galilei once said, " All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them." Contrary to his thoughts, however, all truths are not easy to understand, and some are even harder to sustain. Upon his development of the telescope in 1609 Galileo was able to present empirical evidence to prove Copernicus' heliocentric view of the solar system. Regardless of his evidence Galileo met the same fate as his precursor as his findings were cast aside and he was labeled as a heretic."

Tags:controversy, darwinism, enlightenment, king, louis, relegion, xiv, Copernicus