Abstract The paper calls for a complete review of the endocrine system in the human body along with a description of kidney functioning. Once both systems are described, a presentation is made with respect to kidneyfailure and treatment by kidney dialysis. Each endocrine gland is described in detail along with the kidney ductless endocrine system. Comparisons are made between the two systems.
From the Paper "All the systems in the human body are vital to our survival and well-being and if one succumbs to failure the entire whole body will cease to work properly. The main systems of the human body are the nervous, endocrine, respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, and muscular, (Jacob, 1). They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive in perfect synergy. In fact, a 17th dualist and intellectual rebel by the name of Rene Descartes delved into the depths of the human psyche and concluded that man is made up of two different kinds of substances, namely, the mind and the body. To Descartes the mind was representative of man's mental properties and the body representative of physical properties. As a medical expert Descartes proposed that the answer of the relationship between mind, body, and soul lies within the endocrine system."
Abstract The paper discusses the kidneys' principle role, the specific structure of the kidneys and how the kidneys affect other body systems. The paper also looks at the reseach to see what we understand about kidney disease, the need for antirejection drugs after a kidney transplant and what we don't yet know about kidneyfailure.
Outline:
How Do the Kidneys Affect Other Body Systems?
What Do We Understand About Kidney Disease?
Eschewing Antirejection Drugs After a Kidney Transplant
What We Don't Understand About KidneyFailure
From the Paper "One of the most important functions of the kidneys - though not the only key function - is to provide an effective filtering device for the blood in the human body, through which about 200 quarts of blood flow on a daily basis, according to the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). Within those 200 quarts of blood the kidneys screen out about 2 quarts of waste products. A big portion of that waste becomes urine and is stored in the bladder, thanks to the smooth functioning of the kidneys."
An investigation into the effects of individual and group teaching on the cognitive learning of adult kidney transplant recipients in an inpatient transplant unit.
Abstract This paper looks at how transplant recipients have an abundance of learning needs after receiving their transplants and how patient education is a crucial aspect of the transplant nurse's role. It examines how transplant recipients must learn follow-up instructions, signs of rejection and infection, medications and their side effects, urine testing procedures, and dietary and lifestyle modifications in order to ensure transplant viability and increased quality of life. It proposes a study to examine the effect of the method of teaching on the cognitive learning of adult kidney transplant recipients and concludes that individual patient teaching in adult postoperative kidney transplant recipient patients results in increased cognitive learning.
Outline:
Chapter I: The Problem
Introduction
Problem Statement
Definition of Terms
Inclusion Criteria
Assumptions
Significance f Study
Chapter II: Review of the Literature
Literature Review Related to an Overview of Renal Failure Definition and Types of Renal Failure Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment Options
Dialysis vs. Transplantation
Literature Review Related to Renal Transplantation
Graft Survival
Quality of Life
Organ Rejection
Economic Outcomes
Literature Review Related To Transplant Teaching in Post-Op Patients
Individual Teaching in Renal Postoperative Patients
Group Teaching In Renal Postoperative Patients
Literature Review Related To Emotional Acceptance of Chronic Illness
Theoretical Framework: Dorothea Orem's Theory of Self-Care
Summary
Chapter III: Methodology
Design
Setting
Selection of Participants
Instrumentation
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis
References
From the Paper "The fact that a transplant recipient must take medication for the rest of his or her life means that there is a higher chance of specific medical problems. While this increased risk cannot be avoided, there are things that can be done in order to help minimize these particular risks. Patients must be informed, however, so that they can continue to maintain a high standard of self-care as much as possible. They also need to be aware of what problems they might face so that they can see their doctor if issues arise. Professional nurses are the ones that have the responsibility of patient education.
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Abstract This paper explains that, in the beginning of chronic renal failure, there are virtually no symptoms; however, the progression of the disease can cause an increase in blood pressure, an accumulation of potassium in the blood, an accumulation of urea, anemia, fatigue, an overload of fluid volume, cardiac arrhythmia and vascular calcification. The author points out that, at end-stage of renal disease, renal replacement therapy, such as kidney dialysis and even kidney transplant, is required to keep the patient alive. The paper relates that patients with chronic renal failure also have a high incidence of atherosclerosis, which usually accelerates at a faster rate, and of cardiovascular disease, which has a prognosis that is not as good as someone without chronic renal failure.
From the Paper "Sometimes, the levels of serum creatinine have not been measured in the past, and therefore the patient is often first treated as having acute renal failure. Only when blood tests continue to show elevated serum creatinine levels and it is determined that the renal failure is irreversible will the diagnosis be made as chronic renal failure as opposed to the previously assumed acute renal failure. A numerous amount of uremic toxins also accumulate in individuals that have chronic renal failure and are involved in the treatment of standard dialysis."
From the Paper "Hemodialysis: The Treatment For Renal Failure
The primary function of the kidneys is to rid the body of wastes. These chemicals may include the by.products of normal physiologic processes, drugs, and various toxins. When the kidneys malfunction, such substances begin to accumulate. Over time, progressive kidney failure can result in uremia. Unless the condition is reversed, pathophysiological consequences will ensue which may ultimately end in death. Of all the renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis is the most effective. Other therapeutic modalities include hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Although these different treatments have their own particular advantages and disadvantages, the majority of patients with kidney failure depend on hemodialysis for their survival. "
Abstract This paper, written by a registered nurse, analyzes congestive heart failure and provides a detailed discussion about treatment options. In particular, the author discusses the use of Spironolactone, and offers statistical as well as anecdotal evidence about its.
From the Paper "This article proposes the treatment solution of Spironolactone, a known "specialized antagonist of aldosterone" (Margo, npg)by using this drug patients can reduce their risk of mortality because it, "causes increased amounts of water and sodium to be excreted while potassium is conserved" (Margo, npg). The problem with this drug is that its effectiveness has not been adequately proven, although previous tests show that it has a positive effect on patients, not only the sample size in the article but the ethnic groups used in the experiment are greatly biased and do not reflect it as a treatment potent for all types of people. Furthermore, tests on its effectiveness compared to standard treatments did not include beta blockers which is an effect treatment already identified. This article does not adequately address the testing procedure."
Abstract In this paper, the intelligence failures that resulted in 9/11 are examined. The writer argues that the terrorist attacks of 9/11 represent the greatest intelligence failure in the history of the United States. Further, the writer briefly discusses the Intelligence Community in the U.S. and identifies strategic shortcomings. In this article, the writer details the specific intelligence failures leading to 9/11.
From the Paper "In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 9, hereafter referred to 9/11, as Americans were horrified at the sheer audacity and malicious inventiveness of the Al-Qaida operatives. The nation wondered how these men could have resided in the country for an extended period of time planning their bold strike without attracting any attention from our various federal and state law enforcement agencies. In the protracted period of soul searching that has followed, an answer to that question seems to have emerged. The answer quite simply is that represents ... "
Abstract This paper analyzes thoroughly and critically disasters or common failures in public policy in the developed and developing world. The discussion spans examples and case-studies in the UK, US in comparison to Anglophone Africa and the Caribbean. What causes policy failures/disasters as well as various useful recommendations for more effective public policy-making are examined drawing on many theories of prominent scholars in the field of public policy and development management.
From the Paper "In general, the process of public policy-making is subject to numerous disasters and many serious public policy failures. At the heart of such disasters and failures have been the contradictory circumstances, paths and outcomes of policies of regulation, deregulation, over-regulation, corrupt and bad politics, lack of planning, lack of accountability, transparency, initiative and risk management and the dominance of particular groups, organisations or individuals. Indeed it is this plexus of policy processes which may be termed as underlying factors common to policies that are disastrous and fraught with failures, and at the very least, factors that make policies counter productive or that produce either intended or unintended negative consequences. Disasters and serious failures, in particular, best refer to such unintended policies that cause collapse, confusion, and chaos and sometimes damage that is irreversible or difficult to overcome."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that kidneys are fist-sized, bean-shaped organs, which are located at the lowest part of the rib cage and the sides of the spine. Their major function is to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body in the form of urine. The writer points out that damage to the kidneys or reduced kidney functions can constitute chronic kidney disease or CKD. Chronic renal failure consists of a progressive loss of kidney function from disease or another cause. In addition, the writer explains that untreated CKD may lead to kidney or renal failure. The condition may need to be treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation. The writer discusses the symptoms, diagnosis and possible treatment of chronic kidney disease and renal failure.
Outline:
Psychosocial and Physiological Changes
Dietary Changes
Management and Implications
Diagnostic Strategy and Differential
From the Paper "Dialysis performs the function of the kidneys but does not cure the disease or prevent possible complications. It may even cause those complications and even reduce one's quality of life. Hemodialysis sends the blood through a dialyzer and goes back to the body after eliminating toxins and excess fluid. It is usually done thrice a week, each time for 3 to 5 hours or more. Common negative reactions are fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, light-headedness, leg cramps, nausea and vomiting. The other type is peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum to filter the blood without removing it from the body. It uses dialysate, which is later drained through a peritoneal catheter. Peritonitis is the most common complication. A study of 336 hemodialysis and 185 peritoneal dialysis patients undergoing both types found that peritoneal dialysis was a preference 1.5 times more. The quality of care, freedom of choice and cost are major reasons for their choice. Physicians, however, prefer hemodialysis because of reimbursement trends."
Abstract This paper explains that end-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. The author points out that patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged to some degree in the dialysis process, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. The paper provides a comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure.
From the Paper "End-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure, in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. Patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged in the dialysis process to some degree, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. This paper is designed to provide a brief yet comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure. Conditions of End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure The patient undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure has a new set of physiological burdens applied. The kidney is no longer able to effectively process the body's wastes or play its role as the foremost regulator of the body's blood supply."
Abstract This paper presents a colorful and detailed explanation of the function of the kidneys. The paper offers many diagrams to illustrate the material discussed. The paper also includes extensive research on acute and chronic renal failure. The paper examines acute renal failure by providing a case study on the subject.
Outline
Introduction
Mechanisms of Fluid Regulation
Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Diet
Drug Treatment
Case Study
References
From the Paper "The adrenal medulla functions as part of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers causes release of epinephrine and noreepinephrine. These regulate metabolic pathways to promote catabolism of stored fuels to meet caloric needs from endogenous sources. Epinephrine is the key player in the 'fight or flight' response. The adrenal cortex produces three steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids affect blood glucose levels using the negative feedback system. Mineralcorticoids exert their major efforts on electrolyte balance. Androgens effects are similar to male sex hormones."
Presents a research project designed to develop synthetic analogs of erythropoietin, a protein hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 2006, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper reports on experiments addressing the issue of developing synthetic analogs of erythropoietin, a protein hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells. The hormone is given to patients suffering from kidneyfailure when they develop anemia, which occurs primarily because their production of erythropoietin is abnormally low. The company has produced an analog that stimulates red blood cell production and so mimics the action of erythropoietin. The analog has been derived from bone marrow cells in culture. The product may be called Redgen. The current research is a test on Redgen to characterize its activity and signaling pathway.
Abstract In this paper, the writer outlines a research study on African-American men's propensity to suffer from renal problems and related diseases. The writer reveals the theoretical framework for the study and identifies the research question and assumptions of the study. The terms used in the study are defined, its limitations are outlined, and a literature review is provided. In the conclusion, the writer explains the factors that cause many African-American men to avoid seek treatment during the early or even late stages of renal diseases. The writer also learns that a treatment approach that takes cultural factors into account will be much more effective in preventing the onset of renal disease.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose
Background and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Assumptions
Research Question
Definition of Terms
Limitations
Review of Literature
Research Design
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are many African American men with the same attitude towards treatment that are at risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many are reared in a hostile and non-supportive environment. The environment often includes poverty, lack of educational opportunities, criminality, and unemployment. The lack of education and cultural factors, not knowing the risk and not adhering to treatments can have disastrous consequences. Other aspects of African American male culture negatively effect pre-treatment as well."
Abstract A young woman has kidney disease has been matched with her younger brother. They are not close and the doctor is advising for him to not donate his kidney. There's a company that has a genetic engineered kidney but it has never been tried on humans. What should the family do?
Abstract This paper explains that the numerous factors of kidney disease can directly affect a sufferer's state of mind. Not only is there physical pain involved, but also there is the humiliation of having a catheter, the burden of dialysis, the stress of the potential of transplant surgery and the possibility of putting a loved one in danger if they become a donor. The author points out that diagnosis and appropriate treatment of a psychiatric problem related to chronic kidney disease depends on a rational assessment of numerous contributing factors and the strengths and weaknesses of the individual. The paper stresses that one of the most important roles the advanced practice nurse is early detection and intervention.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Overview of Kidney Disease
Implications for Mental Health
Diagnosis and Treatment
Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse
From the Paper "Statistically, men and women over 55 face an increasing probability of acquiring some chronic disease (Birren & Sloane, 2001). A psychiatric symptom such as poor memory may be related to organic illness, for example, a brain disorder, or represent a psychological aspect of an illness, for example, depression. Depression is the most frequent incapacitating psychiatric problem throughout life. More than half the victims of a serious depression have their first episode after 60, and estimates are that careful clinical examination would confirm depression in 10 to 30 percent of those over 65."
