Abstract
The paper outlines the history of dialysis and provides a case study of a male patient with acute kidney failure. The paper explains the pathophysiology of acute and chronic kidney failure and provides a patient assessment. Finally, the paper describes the treatments necessary for this patient, the nursing diagnoses and the outcomes of renal failure patients undergoing dialysis.

Outline:
Historical Background on Dialysis
Case Study
Pathophysiology
Assessment
Treatment
Nursing Diagnoses

From the Paper
"Both chronic and acute kidney failure can lead to death if left untreated. In fact, untreated kidney failure could lead to death in only a matter of days. The course of treatment for kidney failure, both chronic and acute, includes dialysis. Dialysis cleans the blood and regulates the fluids in the body. It helps keep electrolytes in balance which are important for the function of every other organ in the body. Nursing assessment is extremely important with a dialysis patient. Respiratory status can be poor prior to treatment because of fluid build-up in the body. Pre-dialysis vital signs are important to form a baseline so that vitals taken during the treatment can be compared to baseline data as there are many changes that a dialysis patient undergoes while the body's blood is being cleaned. Dialysis treatment will keep a person with chronic kidney failure alive. In acute renal failure episodes, it can save a life."

Tags:nursing, electrolytes, blood, waste, toxins, homeostasis, catheter, infection, drugs

Abstract
The paper outlines a study that will address key issues of the recognition of kidney disease, methods used for treatment and statistical trends that have occurred in the past. The paper explains that the purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence kidney failure in African-American men, identify prevention strategies and improve awareness of renal disease among African-American men. The paper discusses the study's theoretical framework, assumptions, limitations and research designs and includes a review of the relevant literature.

Outline:
Introduction
Purpose
Background and Justification
Theoretical framework
Assumptions
Research Question
Definition of Terms
Limitations
Review of Literature
Socioeconomic Factors
Education
Cultural Behavioral Aspects
Genetics
Trust of the Medical Profession
Research Design
Population and Sample
Setting
Protection of Human Subjects
Survey Tool
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another atrocity at the hands at the government is that they plan to cut the Healthy Start program, which assists high-risk communities and helps to prevent infant mortality (Pelosi, 2005, p.4). If this was to occur in a few years or less the incidence of kidney failure in African Americans could dramatically increase. Without the proper teaching from healthcare providers, the high-risk communities will develop a massive distrust of the hospital system in place. The president also plans to make a 6% cut in the Office of Minority Health, which supports disease prevention, education on high-risk behavior, and health promotion (Pelosi, 2005, p.4). This will be another factor in the death from diabetes, end stage renal disease (ESRD), and ultimately kidney failure. The statistical trend could be prevented with a voice speaking out for those who cannot speak for themselves."

Tags:end, stage, renal, disease, nephrology, dialysis, transplant, lifestyle, culture, education

From the Paper
"Hemodialysis: The Treatment For Renal Failure
The primary function of the kidneys is to rid the body of wastes. These chemicals may include the by.products of normal physiologic processes, drugs, and various toxins. When the kidneys malfunction, such substances begin to accumulate. Over time, progressive kidney failure can result in uremia. Unless the condition is reversed, pathophysiological consequences will ensue which may ultimately end in death. Of all the renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis is the most effective. Other therapeutic modalities include hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Although these different treatments have their own particular advantages and disadvantages, the majority of patients with kidney failure depend on hemodialysis for their survival. "

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the beginning of chronic renal failure, there are virtually no symptoms; however, the progression of the disease can cause an increase in blood pressure, an accumulation of potassium in the blood, an accumulation of urea, anemia, fatigue, an overload of fluid volume, cardiac arrhythmia and vascular calcification. The author points out that, at end-stage of renal disease, renal replacement therapy, such as kidney dialysis and even kidney transplant, is required to keep the patient alive. The paper relates that patients with chronic renal failure also have a high incidence of atherosclerosis, which usually accelerates at a faster rate, and of cardiovascular disease, which has a prognosis that is not as good as someone without chronic renal failure.

From the Paper
"Sometimes, the levels of serum creatinine have not been measured in the past, and therefore the patient is often first treated as having acute renal failure. Only when blood tests continue to show elevated serum creatinine levels and it is determined that the renal failure is irreversible will the diagnosis be made as chronic renal failure as opposed to the previously assumed acute renal failure. A numerous amount of uremic toxins also accumulate in individuals that have chronic renal failure and are involved in the treatment of standard dialysis."

Tags:creatinine, irreversible, albumin, nephropathy, filter

Abstract
In this paper, the writer outlines a research study on African-American men's propensity to suffer from renal problems and related diseases. The writer reveals the theoretical framework for the study and identifies the research question and assumptions of the study. The terms used in the study are defined, its limitations are outlined, and a literature review is provided. In the conclusion, the writer explains the factors that cause many African-American men to avoid seek treatment during the early or even late stages of renal diseases. The writer also learns that a treatment approach that takes cultural factors into account will be much more effective in preventing the onset of renal disease.

Outline:
Introduction
Purpose
Background and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Assumptions
Research Question
Definition of Terms
Limitations
Review of Literature
Research Design
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There are many African American men with the same attitude towards treatment that are at risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many are reared in a hostile and non-supportive environment. The environment often includes poverty, lack of educational opportunities, criminality, and unemployment. The lack of education and cultural factors, not knowing the risk and not adhering to treatments can have disastrous consequences. Other aspects of African American male culture negatively effect pre-treatment as well."

Tags:end, stage, renal, disease, hypertension, dialysis, health, culture, manhood, poverty

Abstract
This paper looks at how transplant recipients have an abundance of learning needs after receiving their transplants and how patient education is a crucial aspect of the transplant nurse's role. It examines how transplant recipients must learn follow-up instructions, signs of rejection and infection, medications and their side effects, urine testing procedures, and dietary and lifestyle modifications in order to ensure transplant viability and increased quality of life. It proposes a study to examine the effect of the method of teaching on the cognitive learning of adult kidney transplant recipients and concludes that individual patient teaching in adult postoperative kidney transplant recipient patients results in increased cognitive learning.

Outline:
Chapter I: The Problem
Introduction
Problem Statement
Definition of Terms
Inclusion Criteria
Assumptions
Significance f Study
Chapter II: Review of the Literature
Literature Review Related to an Overview of Renal Failure
Definition and Types of Renal Failure
Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment Options
Dialysis vs. Transplantation
Literature Review Related to Renal Transplantation
Graft Survival
Quality of Life
Organ Rejection
Economic Outcomes
Literature Review Related To Transplant Teaching in Post-Op Patients
Individual Teaching in Renal Postoperative Patients
Group Teaching In Renal Postoperative Patients
Literature Review Related To Emotional Acceptance of Chronic Illness
Theoretical Framework: Dorothea Orem's Theory of Self-Care
Summary
Chapter III: Methodology
Design
Setting
Selection of Participants
Instrumentation
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis
References

From the Paper
"The fact that a transplant recipient must take medication for the rest of his or her life means that there is a higher chance of specific medical problems. While this increased risk cannot be avoided, there are things that can be done in order to help minimize these particular risks. Patients must be informed, however, so that they can continue to maintain a high standard of self-care as much as possible. They also need to be aware of what problems they might face so that they can see their doctor if issues arise. Professional nurses are the ones that have the responsibility of patient education.
"

Tags:renal, failure, medication

Abstract
This paper, written by a registered nurse, analyzes congestive heart failure and provides a detailed discussion about treatment options. In particular, the author discusses the use of Spironolactone, and offers statistical as well as anecdotal evidence about its.

From the Paper
"This article proposes the treatment solution of Spironolactone, a known "specialized antagonist of aldosterone" (Margo, npg)by using this drug patients can reduce their risk of mortality because it, "causes increased amounts of water and sodium to be excreted while potassium is conserved" (Margo, npg). The problem with this drug is that its effectiveness has not been adequately proven, although previous tests show that it has a positive effect on patients, not only the sample size in the article but the ethnic groups used in the experiment are greatly biased and do not reflect it as a treatment potent for all types of people. Furthermore, tests on its effectiveness compared to standard treatments did not include beta blockers which is an effect treatment already identified. This article does not adequately address the testing procedure."

Tags:Spironolactone, medicine, doctor, patient, cardiac, kidneys

Abstract
The paper discusses the kidneys' principle role, the specific structure of the kidneys and how the kidneys affect other body systems. The paper also looks at the reseach to see what we understand about kidney disease, the need for antirejection drugs after a kidney transplant and what we don't yet know about kidney failure.

Outline:
How Do the Kidneys Affect Other Body Systems?
What Do We Understand About Kidney Disease?
Eschewing Antirejection Drugs After a Kidney Transplant
What We Don't Understand About Kidney Failure

From the Paper
"One of the most important functions of the kidneys - though not the only key function - is to provide an effective filtering device for the blood in the human body, through which about 200 quarts of blood flow on a daily basis, according to the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). Within those 200 quarts of blood the kidneys screen out about 2 quarts of waste products. A big portion of that waste becomes urine and is stored in the bladder, thanks to the smooth functioning of the kidneys."

Tags:anemia, dialysis, transplants, antirejection, drugs

Abstract
This paper explains that end-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. The author points out that patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged to some degree in the dialysis process, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. The paper provides a comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure.

From the Paper
"End-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure, in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. Patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged in the dialysis process to some degree, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. This paper is designed to provide a brief yet comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure. Conditions of End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure The patient undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure has a new set of physiological burdens applied. The kidney is no longer able to effectively process the body's wastes or play its role as the foremost regulator of the body's blood supply."

Tags:dialysis, education, nursing

Abstract
This paper presents a colorful and detailed explanation of the function of the kidneys. The paper offers many diagrams to illustrate the material discussed. The paper also includes extensive research on acute and chronic renal failure. The paper examines acute renal failure by providing a case study on the subject.

Outline
Introduction
Mechanisms of Fluid Regulation
Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Diet
Drug Treatment
Case Study
References

From the Paper
"The adrenal medulla functions as part of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers causes release of epinephrine and noreepinephrine. These regulate metabolic pathways to promote catabolism of stored fuels to meet caloric needs from endogenous sources. Epinephrine is the key player in the 'fight or flight' response. The adrenal cortex produces three steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids affect blood glucose levels using the negative feedback system. Mineralcorticoids exert their major efforts on electrolyte balance. Androgens effects are similar to male sex hormones."

Tags:bladder, creatitne, dialysis, hypertension, nephron