From the Paper
"THE ABDUCTION AND TRIAL OF MANUEL NORIEGA

This research paper discusses and analyzes the international
legal aspects of the abduction and trial of Manuel Noriega. In
1990 Noriega, the former Panamanian military strongman, was
kidnapped by the American military and returned to Miami where
he was tried and convicted on criminal charges. The Noriega and
other recent cases raise basic questions of international law
relating to the right of one state to apply extraterritorially
its criminal laws to the citizens of another state. Novel issues
arose because of the circumstances under which Noriega was
captured his status as a foreign head of state. A solid case can
be made that in all these instances, general principles of
international law were violated. The defendants in these cases
appear to have been guilty of the offenses charged. They were ..."

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of how Stockholm Syndrome impacted two kidnapped boys who had been rescued from their abductor and returned to their families. the paper further highlights why the older boy, Shawn Hornbeck, had not escaped his abductor on his own. This leads to a detailed description of Stockholm Syndrome.

From the Paper
"In January of 2007, news headlines around the world proclaimed very good news - two kidnapped boys had been rescued from their abductor and returned to their families. It is likely that almost every parent who read those stories felt joyful at the thought of the parents who got their sons back home safely. But within a day or two, people were beginning to question why the older boy, Shawn Hornbeck, had not escaped his abductor on his own. Hornbeck was kidnapped four years ago, when he was 11 years old. Since then, he had been observed by neighbours riding his bicycle..."

Tags:stockholm, syndrome, hornbeck

Abstract
This paper discusses the case of a kidnapped boy who suffered from the Stockholm syndrome. The paper explains Stockholm syndrome and then looks at what researchers and psychologists have to say about this syndrome. The paper discusses how Shawn Hornbeck was just 11 years old at the time he was abducted (an age when most children still require parental figures) and, as a survival technique, bonded with a man who was not his father but his kidnapper. The paper also notes that the term Stockholm Syndrome was coined in reference to events that happened to adults who were held hostage for just six days. Yet these adults had become emotionally bonded to their captors within those few days. The writer then proposes a method for conducting a meta analysis on existing research of Stockholme syndrome, using a boarding school for field research. The writer concludes that physically removing children from their parents for boarding school causes them to establish a bi-directional emotional bond with the parental substitutes, which tends to confirm the theory that Hornbeck's failure to escape was caused by Stockholm Syndrome, as has been speculated in the media.

From the Paper
"Thus, in terms of this theory, Hornbeck would actually have bonded with Devlin. This bonding would likely have been motivated by his unconscious or conscious assumption that such bonding would increase the chances that Devlin would not kill him. Certainly, the hypothesis that Hornbeck bonded with Devlin is borne out by news reports that the boy had identified himself as Shawn Devlin on internet sites. Taking someone's name is surely a powerful sign of bonding - after all, the most usual time when this occurs is on marriage, which is one of the most significant types of voluntary bonding."

Tags:kidnap, child, abuse, fear, emotional, bond, abduction

Abstract
Shows the growing incidence of child abductions in the U.S. Discusses the motivations for kidnapping, including parental custody abduction, sexual predation/rape, profit, and homicidal intention.

From the Paper
"Major categories of deviant behavior include crime, drug abuse, alcoholism, mental disorders, suicide, murder and kidnapping. As witnessed by the rapidly increasing numbers of child abductions, ..."

Abstract
Statistics are cited to establish how widespread abduction has become, and prominent cases such as the Polly Klaas kidnapping are examined. The paper concludes with discussion of preventive measures which can be taken and laws which need to be passed to ameliorate the problem.

Abstract
The kidnapping of the son of Charles Lindbergh in 1932 was immediately labeled the Crime of the Century, and the investigation and subsequent court case occupied the headlines for some time. This paper shows that, indeed, this case was one of the first of the true media events of the century, and much of the media attention might today be seen as damaging. The paper shows that Bruno Hauptmann was tried and executed for the crime, but some see him as having been tried first in the press, one of the reasons some doubts have emerged about his real culpability in recent years.

From the Paper
"The media circus surrounding the Hauptmann trial contributed to the view of many that the trial was unfair, which has also raised questions about whether Hauptmann was guilty or not. Even some people at the time thought that Hauptmann was innocent, and more have agreed with this assessment since. Critics of the outcome note that the case was largely circumstantial, that no one saw Hauptmann at the house or with the baby at any time."

Tags:Lucky, Lindy, Depression, Betty, Gow, FBI, Condon

Abstract
On March 1, 1932, Charles Lindbergh, Jr., baby of the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh was kidnapped. The paper examines whether Bruno Richard Hauptmann did actually kidnap the Lindbergh baby and, if not, who did? The paper discusses some reasons why he might not have kidnapped him. These include the lack of sufficient evidence to prove him guilty and the anti-German sentiments during this time in history.

From the Paper
"The nation, along with the world, was shocked and deeply saddened to hear this news. Many wondered why someone would take the Lindbergh's baby and wanted to find the kidnapper and see him put to justice. On September 19, 1934, Bruno Richard Hauptmann was arrested after supposedly using part of the ransom money to make a purchase at a gas station. After six weeks in trial for what was later known as "The Crime of the Century," on February 14, 1935, Hauptmann was found guilty and sentenced to death (Linder, "The Hauptmann"). Today, many people believe, as did many at the time of his execution, that he was innocent. Hauptmann was offered life imprisonment if he would confess to the crime, but he claimed he was innocent, even until he was executed ("The Lindbergh Intrigue"). Some people say only an innocent man would not confess to save his life ("The Lindbergh Case Intrigue"). Careless police work carried out on the scene of the crime caused the loss of what could have been significant evidence. Because of the loss of this evidence there is no way to lawfully sentence a suspect without having some feeling of xenophobia in the court. Therefore, Hauptmann was found guilty more because of anti-German sentiments in the interwar period than for legitimate standard of proof even when circumstantial evidence abounded in the court's decision."

Tags:1930s, xenophobia, Fritz, Petzold, Hopewell, Gow

Abstract
The paper describes the kidnapping of Patty Hearst by the SLA and its aftermath, from the standpoint of social and personality theory, as well as from the standpoint of a critique of bourgeois capitalism and valorization of Marxism/communism.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the case of Patty Hearst as an illustration of the phenomenon of brainwashing. The plan of the research will be to set forth the social and historical context of the events of Hearst's life in and then to discuss how her experience demonstrates the power of the wealthy class, American capitalist corporatism and education, indeed the entire American establishment to exert undue influence on the development and enactment of human psychology. The manifest events of Patricia Hearst's..."

Tags:Symbionese Liberation Army, brainwashing, Patricia Hearst, personality, capitalism, Donald DeFreeze, capitalism, Marx, Freud, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, personality theory

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into AMBER, the acronym for America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response which uses teamwork between the media, citizens and law enforcement in order to find abducted children. It describes how the program works works by sending crucial information to the public, via radio TV, and sometimes electronic roadside signs. It examines its pros and cons such as desensitization from overuse and provides statistics on children that disappear and the readiness of the public to help.

From the Paper
"Recent history has shown that the AMBER alert system is needed. Statistics show that there are about 46,000 non-relative kidnappings each year, and two thirds of those involve a sexual assault. Because parents don't always immediately notice that a child is missing, a 2-hour delay before reporting the abduction is common, but three-fourths of the children killed in these incidents are killed within three hours of being taken (KKF, 2002). This makes a rapid and wide response urgent, but police can only be in so many places at once."

Tags:media, citizens, kidnappings, law, enforcement

Abstract
An Amber Alert is a system used jointly by the media and law enforcement agencies, to make urgent announcements about missing or kidnapped children within hours of their disappearance. This paper examines the history of the Amber Alert and shows how it has successfully allowed Texan authorities to retrieve abducted children.

From the Paper
"While it is possible that the Chavez infant would have been returned to her mother safely, since the people who knew the abductor were skeptical about Roach's claim that the child was her own, the issuance of an Amber Alert made it both more likely that the infant would be found safe and that people would know to report their suspicions. As soon as someone called about Roach's new "daughter," the information was fed into the Amber Alert System. Since it was issued on a statewide basis and because the Amber Alert system gives such cases the prominence and urgency they need, the law enforcement officers in Quanah realized that this baby might be Nancy Chavez."

Tags:Amber, Hagerman, HRAP, 911, Nancy, Chavez