Abstract This paper explores the role of Chingis Khan in shaping Central Asia. Also cited is his role in destroying the ancient cultures, ethnic and linguistic groups of the region. The paper further describes Chingis Khan's conquests and how they resulted in the fusion of many Eastern and Western elements. Nevertheless, the dream of an empire, combined with an ability to hold together or reproduce that empire, created the modern situation of fragmentation and warfare. The modern states of Central Asia still live with, and struggle with, the legacy of Chingis Khan.
From the Paper "In his day, Chingis Khan was the scourge of God. His hordes toppled empires and destroyed civilizations. Yet the great Mongol leader also laid the groundwork for much of modern Central Asia. The Mongol Conqueror set in motion the processes that led to the establishment of today's ethnic groups, and to the creation of the Region's contemporary linguistic picture. New peoples and languages replaced old peoples and languages, or mixed with them to produce today's nationalities. The descendants of Chingis Khan forged a new political landscape. New states were born. Many of their leaders would claim descent from their famous - or notorious - ancestor. Religion, too, was affected as Islam replaced many of the faiths that had formerly dominated the vast area of mountain, steppe, and desert. A bridge was formed between Middle East and Far East and the stage was set for today's promises and problems. "
Tags: Chingis, Khan, Mongolia, Central, Asia, Former, Soviet, Union, Islam
This paper discusses extensively the lives of the Mongol brothers Genghis and Khubilai Khan, whose importance in world history is very much underrated.
Abstract This paper explains that GenghisKhan was the most successful individual ruler and military leader in all of world history even exceeding Napoleon Bonaparte and Alexander of Macedonia. The author points out that, in present day Mongolia and Eastern Asia, Genghis is regarded as a hero, who stands as a symbol of integration and as the father of a more modern social organization; and Khubilai's portraits still decorate the walls of modern Chinese temples and palaces. The paper stresses that the Mongols were killing machines on a scale that has probably never been matched in world history; however, they are also historical catalysts, who established pan-ethnic identities that have survived into modern times and who introduced notions of social mobility and open trade.
From the Paper "Essentially, since the title of Great Khan was never agreed upon by all of the kurultai for Guyuk Khan between 1241 and 1248, it opened the door for his cousin, Mongke, to take the title upon his death. However, Mongke Khan provided his brother, Khubilai, with the military resources to carve out his own empire in China through is battles with the Song Dynasty. As his power grew, Mongke became increasingly suspicious of his brother and named their youngest brother as his successor; the kurultai backed this decision. However, the damage was done. "
Abstract This paper is a discussion of Alexander the Great and GenghisKhan as the greatest rulers of all time, arguing that Alexander the Great was the greater ruler. It compares and contrasts the empires of both. The armies and military strategies of the two are also discussed.
From the Paper "Both men developed large empires and although Genghis? empire was larger, Alexander's proved to be more influential to civilizations and empires to come. Alexander had inherited his throne from his father Philip of Macedonia in 356BC at the age of 20. He continued in his father's campaign to rid Greece of the Persians, but he did not stop there. In the span of four years he had conquered all of Persia. By the time of his death, his empire spanned from the Adriatic Sea to India. His main objective was to create a common cultural exchange throughout the world. Due to the extensive trade routes in highly populated areas of that time, he was able to achieve his goal. He succeeded in establishing Greek as the universal language and was able to pass the Greek culture to other countries."
Abstract This paper is a historical comparison paper that discusses the lives, both military and political ,of Alexander the Great and GenghisKhan. It tries to prove which of the two leaders is greater.
From the Paper "As time marches on, so do people, as they gradually fade into history. Eventually even civilizations collapse; fall to the wayside brought down by poor leadership, conquest, or a lack of progression. When thinking of civilizations and societies that stand the test of time, and that are models to be built upon, history always looks toward the larger civilizations. When large civilizations are talked about they are defined normally, by their expansion and conquests, rich cultural centers, as well as their educational and scientific excellence. This is why civilizations like the Chinese dynasties, the Greeks, the Romans, the Egyptians, and even the British are thought of as great civilizations. Each brought innovations to the world, each was the cultural center of its time (excluding the Chinese because they were so separate from the rest of the world), and each had its share of expansion. On a smaller scale, and not unimportant, are civilizations like the Mongols, the Macedonians, the Muslims, and some of the barbarian tribes in Europe. These smaller groups have less importance in an educational, or scientific sense (excluding the Muslims), but many of them had a great impact on history and changed many civilizations directly or indirectly. The Germanic barbarian tribes, for instance, were a contributing force in the demise of the Roman Empire. These smaller societies rely heavily on dynamic leadership for their success, and strive only through the greatness of individuals. While this same sentiment can be echoed for larger and more sustained civilizations, it is the ability to overcome incompetent leadership that grants longevity to a civilization. For the purposes of this paper the Macedonians and Mongols are to be considered, as small civilizations that flourished, and then fade away. The main historical significance within these civilizations, or nation states was their leadership, their expansion, their innovations and their creation of greater empires."
Abstract This paper examines how GenghisKhan was the greatest military conqueror of all time, in as much as he single-handedly conquered more land, by the mile, than any other leader before or after him. It looks at how his warlike ways were so brutal that they took on literally mythical proportions, seeding racial and social fear across Europe. It shows how, for his own soldiers and for the lands under his control, he was a beloved leader, religiously inspiring, and religiously tolerant, a dedicated soldier, and brilliant tactician, while to his enemies, he was genocidally murderous and a cruel and even inhumane warrior.
Outline
The Medieval Blitzkrieg
Destruction and Reconstruction
Terror Tactics
Conclusion
From the Paper "The calvary which Khan employed was relatively unique for the time, enabled by the traditionally nomadic horse-based lives previously led by the Mongol people. ?All members of the Mongol army were mounted, and the cavalrymen led spare horses that carried sufficient supplies and equipment needed for protracted campaigns.? (Fisher, 2003) In the Khan's army, heavy calvary consisted of those wearing silk and leather armor and armed with lances and swords -- this contrasted with the truly heavy calvary of contemporary Europe, which was weighed down by literally hundreds of pounds of heavy plate and chain mail armor. The light calvary was protected only by thick leather helmets, and armed with bows. His army was about evenly divided between these forces, and both moved with exceptional speed compared to the very heavy calvary and the ubiquitous infantry of their opponents."
Abstract This paper discusses the modernism of Islamist philosopher and religious reformer, Sayyid Ahmad Khan and its place in the religious history of Islam. The paper provides a background of Ahmad Khan's life. It then discusses his contributions to Islam and examines the nature of the modernist reformist ideology of Sayyid Ahmad Khan in the 19th century.
Table of Contents:
Biography
Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Contributions to Islam
From the Paper "In conclusion, the one Islamic modernist explored in this study reflects the growing sense of secularization of Muslim society in the 19th century. Although the likes of Sayyid Ahmad Khan were not able to create a strong enough educational resistance to religious dominance in their own cultures; he was able to counteract a complete control of the British imperialism that used the ignorance of religious dogma within Indian communities. By invoking greater secular program and institutions to help teach science and technology, Sayyid Ahmad Khan was able to create a foundation for the transformation of Islamic society. By using education as a platform to change the thinking patterns of Muslims bent on orthodox Islam, this teacher helped to implement changes that integrated religion into the new logic and reasoning of western thought."
Abstract This paper analyzes "Marco Polo Travels to Kublai Khan." It describes the young Marco's fascination with the Khan. It expands on Marco's observations of the Khan's government including his charity, his richness, and treatment of women.
Tags: Marco, Polo, Kublai, Khan, Government, Women, Charity
Abstract The paper describes the life of Chingis Khan who rose from the steppes of Eurasia to lead the Mongol Empire. The paper examines this ruler's reasons for battling the Chin Dynasty in China and theories behind his decisions to expand his territory. It considers whether Khan was truly as 'bloodthirsty' as he is stereotyped to be in history books. Finally, the paper examines other contributions that Khan made to the Mongol Empire.
From the Paper "The Mongols succeeded in their first and subsequent battles with the Chin, and as Chingis' armies continued to win their battles, the Mongol territory grew (Life 2002). Birthright did not determine leadership within the Mongol clans, "strength alone determined who became leader in the next generation" (Life 2002). Therefore, Chingis Khan became ruler of all Mongols "through his strength, ingenuity, and determination", and his 'great principle' of rewarding loyalty and punishing treachery ensured his control over his growing empire (Life 2002)."
Abstract The paper discusses Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Kubla Khan" and Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre" and highlights how ideas of the masculine and feminine are used to help create meaning. This paper describes these two works and their use of the feminine archetype. In "Jane Eyre," ideas of masculinity and femininity are used to show that individuals are made up of both feminine and masculine traits. A similar use of the feminine archetype is seen in "Kubla Khan" where the opposites of the feminine and masculine archetype are used to represent good and evil.
From the Paper "The poem "Kubla Khan" is about a vision of heaven on earth. The poet imagines this heaven on earth, but on creating it on earth it is seen that it can never be a true paradise. The problem is that there are forces of evil on earth that alter the paradise and make it less than all good. In this way, the paradise can only ever be a dream and can never be realized. While the dream is the subject of the poem, it is also saying a lot about the nature of reality and life on earth. It is showing that there exists both good and evil and that these must remain in balance. The feminine archetype is used as a way of representing the two opposites that have to be in balance, where the feminine archetype must be balanced with the masculine archetype. In the vision of the poem, this balance is not present and the world presented is strongly female. At the same time, the female archetype represents everything that is good. However, in reality the world is strongly masculine, which is why heaven cannot exist on earth."
Examines the approaches of two reformers, Abdullah Cevdet in the Ottoman Empire and Malkum Khan in the Persian Empire, to the problem of modernization and the need to retain the integrity of the Islamic religion.
Abstract This paper explores the similarity in the conditions that prevailed in both the Ottoman and Persian empires at the end of the nineteenth century and the challenges posed to those empires by their involvement with and exposure to European commerce, science and ideas. The author argues that both Cevdet and Khan took similar rhetorical approaches in arriving at a conceptualization of reform that was both modern and democratic yet rooted in the Islamic tradition. The paper stresses that Cevdet and Khan were situated within intellectual and religious trajectories of the time, which were seeking alternatives to the prevailing interpretations of Islam through Baha'ism and Pan-Islamism.
From the Paper "Having spent a lot of time in Switzerland, Cevdet was acquainted with European ideas of the time, such as French and German scientific materialism, social Darwinism and positivism. He saw the decline of the Ottoman Empire as the product of it not being European, and felt that it was the responsibility of the intellectuals to change this condition. For Cevdet, the Islamic religion in its traditional incarnation, was an obstacle to the changes required to contemporize Ottoman society and politics and he therefore felt that it was necessary to modify the Islamic religion."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two of Samuel Coleridge's poems, ?Kubla Khan? and "Pains of Sleep" to illustrate what was going through Coleridge's head, during his addiction and then during his withdrawal (which he was completely unaware of at the time).
From the Paper " It is believed that drugs open up the mind, allowing hallucinations and such to come about. For Samuel Coleridge, the use of opium for physical ailments (as was common at the time) helped him to write some extremely interesting and powerful poetry. Several of his poems obviously reflect the affect of his use and withdrawal of the opium, which was sometimes not so pleasant."
Abstract This paper analyzes what is perhaps Coleridge's best-known poem, "Kubla Khan or A Vision in a Dream, a Fragment", from the perspective of psychoanalysis. The paper attempts to discover what are the hidden messages in this poem. The paper begins with the importance to the Romantic writer as well as to the Victorian of experiencing the world through the senses.
From the Paper "When we read the literature of the Victorian age, we must be attuned to the importance of the senses. The important authors of this era were fascinated by the ways in which their characters (and we assume also they themselves) were linked to the world through the use of their senses and that sensory information could be counted upon to be reliable in a way that few other things might be in a world in so much flux."
Abstract This paper explains that the Mongolian empire, which began about
1200 A.D., was selected as the best empire because its influential ideas and developments, horsemanship, militancy, nomadic lifestyle, leadership system, its fall and impact, make up all of the components needed to fully understand and appreciate the history of a great empire. The author points out that, in Khan's military system, which was derived from the philosophy of Alexander the Great, Khan's army integrated the commanders, bureaucrats, artisans, and professionals of the conquered peoples in order to produce new tastes in art, food, decoration, and clothing. The paper relates that the tremendous length of the Mongols? trade routes was directly related to their huge territorial domination and led, not only to the unification of the East and the West geographically, but also to cultural unification
From the Paper "Under the rule of Genghis Khan, the Mongols started to dominate the world. He claimed power by saying that he was the ?universal ruler.? He basically used the Mandate of Heaven system of China, implying that he attained his power from God and he would be the ruler of the whole universe. This claim of Khan simply gives a clue on how he set up his ideology of ruling his state, eventually his empire. It seems like Khan's role model was Alexander the Great and his Greek Empire. Though the Greeks did not have a militaristic social structure, they had the idea of focusing on the expansion of the territory followed by more trades and getting wealthier. This was the system Khan set up as well. He was perhaps one of the greatest military innovators in human history, and his army consisted of perhaps the best-trained horsemen in all of human history. Khan's armies were incredibly mobile and could cover immense distances with numbing speed. Thus, it is clear that Khan established one of the major rules in rising of an empire: The tremendous military strength."
Tags:genghis, khan, unification, integration, trade
An overview and critique of B.Z. Khan's article "Commerce and Cooperation: Litigation and Settlement of Civil Disputes of the Australian Frontier, 1860-1900".
Abstract The paper describes Khan's view that increased market exchange will have as its consequence an increased tendency for persons to settle disputes out of court. Khan cites Adam Smith's view, stating that an increase in economic transactions lead to a better chance of a civil society. This is the hypothesis that is addressed throughout Khan's paper. The writer finds Khan's arguments more convincing in that she admits possible shortcomings of her view. The paper shows that Khan substantiates her arguments and refutes the opposition several times in her article. In conclusion, the writer agrees with Khan's point of view as it has been presented logically and with sufficient court evidence to support her views.
From the Paper "Through tabulated data Kahn shows that courts in the early years of the colony were very busy and often had to travel great distances to settle disputes. With economic development district courts were set up in each area. These were accessible to all by keeping the litigation costs low. This resulted in a greater amount of cases taken to court. Another reason for an increase in trials during this period, according to Khan, is that courts often served as a substitute for other public institutions that were unavailable or unreliable at the time. One could also see this as a period of uncertainty, where laws and rules had to be explained by experts and were not yet commonly known. However, with the growth of the market and legal capital, standards also become more predictable and the rules become generally known. Thus economic growth leads to a greater degree of cooperation between parties. The tables that Khan presents substantiate the hypothesis that economic growth increases certainty in terms of the law. "
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion on several works of literature and the use of the theme of dreams in them. The six works compared, contrasted and analyzed in this paper are: John Keats, " Ode to a Nightingale; "Langston Hughes, "A Dream Deferred;" Samuel Taylor Coleridge's, "Kubla Khan;" Thomas Findley's " Pilgrims; " Bierce Ambrose's " An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge;" and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's " Kubla Khan or, a Vision In a Dream: A Fragment." The writer discusses how each author uses the theme of dreams in their particular piece and then draws comparisons between the other author's works. The paper examines the proper use of dreams in any literary work. Using passages from each of these works, the paper shows how dream themes are used most successfully when dealing with death as a tool to explain the situation leading up to and immediately following the occurrence. The use of dreams often fills in many unanswered questions that may be plaguing the reader as they read a story or poem.
From the Paper "Throughout literary history there have been themes used to underscore a point to the reader. Often times the same theme can mean different things to different authors, and it is played out in different scenarios in their works. The theme of dreams has been a popular theme for literature in the past, especially in short stories and poems. There are six separate works by six different authors, which have used the dream theme to carry out various tasks. Sometimes it is used to allow after death thoughts, other times it is about goals and future desires, but any time a dream theme is used in these six works the author drives home the point of heart filled emotion leading the story."
