Abstract
This report assesses the current situation of strife and conflict
in Kashmir by using conflict theories, such as the stratification of society, expulsion and genocide among the people of the area, inter-group conflict, prejudice and discrimination, dominant group theory, and vicious cycle phenomenon, as well as other associated theories. The report does not dwell solely on the history of the strife in Kashmir, which is an area that is renowned for its beauty, as well as for being the focus of conflict in Indian society, a point of contention between India and Pakistan, and the impetus point of separatist movements. Instead, it looks at recent events and conflicts in the area using the sociological and theoretical concepts mentioned above.

From the Paper
"In terms of the population of Kashmir, the province or area contains over 12 million individuals, most of whom are Muslims. There are also prominent populations of Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists in this area. The Hindu population is more concentrated towards the southern regions of Kashmir, and in the city of Jammu. In eastern Kashmir, the main proponents of the Buddhist population are found. The Kashmiri people are generally working on an agricultural economy ("Jammu and Kashmir"). In terms of the history of the strife that has occurred in this region, briefly, since the partition of India and Pakistan after Indian independence in 1947, Kashmir has been a point of dispute and contention between India and Pakistan, with each country claiming Kashmir as a part of its own nation, and the two countries often going to war over this and associated issues. Lately, since the late 1980s, the conflict in the area has turned more to internal separatist movements against what is viewed to be Indian occupation. This has resulted in prevalent conflicts between the Indian state and the Kashmiri people up to and including the present."

Tags:indus, jhelum, vale, forests, muslims, hindus, sikhs, buddhists, jammu, agricultural

Abstract
Competing claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan are the key sources of the conflicts. The claims and the consequences are the result of some historical events, but also of opposing ideologies of India and Pakistan. Responses associated with the claims from both sides have engendered political extremism in Kashmir. Past policies of the U.S. and China toward the region, on the other hand, have instigated armed conflicts and contributed to the extremism.

Abstract
This paper discusses the conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region and suggests methods for reconciliation. The paper looks at history relevant to the conflict, its origins and causes.

Tags:India, Pakistan, Kashmir, peace paradigm conflict resolution

Abstract
This paper examines the future of Kashmir. Specifically, it presents the best moral arguments for and against an Indian administered plebiscite to determine the future of Kashmir. It begins by presenting deontological arguments in favor of a plebiscite. It also considers grounds for morally opposing a plebiscite.

Abstract
The paper offers a background into the Indo-Pakistani conflict that is rooted in the dispute for the Jammu and Kashmir regions. The paper identifies the political, religious, ethnic and economic components that have created this difficult situation in South Asia. The paper discusses potential solutions that are all extremely challenging, but concludes that solutions and negotiations must be undertaken before nuclear conflict results.

From the Paper
"The relationship between India and Pakistan has evolved towards a very dramatic outcome after the fall of the British Indian Empire in 1947 and the emergence of the two countries as independent states. The two countries fought four wars between each other and the reasons that stand at the basis of the tensioned situation are complex and deeply rooted in the historical and cultural relation between the two countries. One of the main reasons for conflict is over the disputed regions of Jammu and Kashmir and the main concern is that the conflict does not seem to end, not even after all the wars."

Tags:insurgents, ethnicity, religion, Hinduism, Islam, negotiation

Abstract
The paper emphasizes the socialization theory, historical legacy of grievance and strategic issues which limit chances for a resolution.

Abstract
This paper examines the Indian/Pakistani conflict over the Kashmir region. Initially, the origins of the conflict in Indian independence are identified and traced to the present. The current situation, in the wake of 9/11 is also analyzed.

Abstract
This paper presents a realistic perspective of the Kashmir conflict. The paper outlines the background of the dispute in Kashmir, identifying the struggle of both India and Pakistan claiming rights to the region. The paper analyzes the suffering caused to the people of Kashmir as a result of the conflict and concludes that, according to the realist approach, the Pakistani side seems to be more on track with regard to reality in Kashmir.

From the Paper
"Thus, examples of reality may include such things as poverty, an illness, fire, unemployment, warfare, a physical confrontation, etc. Further, and perhaps even more important in the context of the Kashmir conflict, is the notion that not only is reality a 'thing' indicated by its ability to cause some effect, but that the individual's understanding or acknowledgment of reality is subject to all kinds of historical and other influences. It draws a clear distinction between reality and our knowledge of reality (Basden, 2004). In order to explore this, let us consider the 'bones' of the conflict in Kashmir."

Tags:pakistan, india, vajpayee

Abstract
This essay examines the claims of India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and examines some of the more viable solutions towards ending the fifty year standoff, concluding with a proposition for self-determination. It also suggests solutions to avoiding a nuclear conflict.

From the Paper
"Few current events are capable of conjuring the level of passion characteristically aroused in the debate over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley that has historically been characterized by the beauty and fertility of its land is now depicted in routine acts of violence, religious extremism, and human rights atrocities, and the issues at hand are as convoluted as the region's ancient history. Most aspects regarding Kashmir's current turmoil remain obscured to outsiders by ambiguity and propaganda. What have become evident, however, are the countless atrocities routinely perpetrated over the past several decades. Since 1947, Pakistan and India have twice declared war over the disputed territory, and have persistently engaged in low-level border skirmishes, which have left thousands dead. Because both counties now possess nuclear weapons, the international stakes in resolving the conflict have never been greater. Although both India and Pakistan have undoubtedly played a role in the violence, one's view of the crisis depends upon which account has been given, as both countries seem more interested in distorting the facts to aid their own cause, rather than viewing acts of violence individually and objectively."

Tags:asia, conflict, determination, extremism, foriegn, fundamentalism, hindu, independence, india, islam, jammu, jihad, mujahadeen, musharraf, nuclear, pakistan, policy, proliferation, religious, self, south, threat

Abstract
The issue of whether the region of Kashmir should be an independent state, part of India, or part of Pakistan, has been a source of serious conflict ever since India and Pakistan were partitioned into two different countries in 1947. This paper explains that, when that partition occurred, the two new countries were divided along largely religious lines: Most residents of the new country of India was Hindi, while most residents of the new country of Pakistan were Muslim. The writer points out that Kashmir, however, did not have any one dominant religion that could guide its destiny. The issue of who should govern Kashmir has been a source of contention and three wars since 1947 along with persistent border disputes.

From the Paper
"Some see the recent inclusion of Kashmir leaders in peace talks as one of the events most likely to help stabilize the region (Hardgrave, 1998), as in the past the Kashmiri desires have been ignored except when one side or another has attempted to manipulate them for their own goals. Some, however, believe that it is too soon to be optimistic, that 18 months of peace does not mean the underlying issues have dissipated (Kumar M., 2005). It seems likely that the region's best chance for a lasting peace is to continue to include Kashmiri leaders as active participants in any peace negotiations (Hardgrave, 1998)."

Tags:india, pakistan