Abstract
Karl Marx defined alienation as the process of the working man becoming only a cog in the machinery of production. This paper examines claims that this concept of alienation was actually put forth by Friedrich Engels first and only later expounded upon by Marx. It traces the progression from papers by Engels to the "Communist Manifesto" and shows that while Marx is believed to be the main author, actually Engels supplied much more of the economic theory.

From the Paper
"In the year 1848, Western society was 'enlightened' through the introduction of a new ideology put forward by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, proponents of the political treatise "Communist Manifesto." In it, the authors proposed and expounded on the issue of socialism as the new revolutionary movement that served as the antithesis of the principles of capitalism and eventually, modernism. The socialism-capitalism dichotomy was discussed based on the antagonistic relationships that emerged out of the unequal opportunities given to people at each point or stage of the socio-economic history of humanity. Thus, Marx and Engels posit that throughout history and until capitalism, human society has been in the "history of class struggles," wherein there existed inequalities among "[f]reeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman...oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted now hidden, now open fight...""

Tags:Karl, Marx, Communism, socialism

Abstract
This paper explores the historical and economic influences that spurred Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to create their philosophical theories and writings. The author elaborates on their innovative perspectives, especially Marx's view of the bourgeoisie oppressing the working class. Several quotes are included to illustrate this point. The paper also cites how Marx and Engels influenced socialist and communist thought as well as why their belief systems were so difficult to fully achieve in society.

From the Paper
"Society, during that era, was composed primarily of individuals who retained the vast proportion of wealth, who Marx called the bourgeoisie, and the workers, whom Marx titled the proletariat. Marx was vehement in his total disdain for the bourgeoisie. The Communist Manifesto states; "The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated population, centralized means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands." (Marx 1988 pp 213-214)."

Tags:Karl, Marx, Communist, Manifesto, bourgeoisie, proletariat, Frederick, Engels

Abstract
This paper examines the worker and the alienation he experiences as presented in Karl Marx's "Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844." The four forms of alienation inherent in the capitalistic system are named and analyzed according to Marx's viewpoint. Also cited are Marx's views toward alienation as expressed in his work, "Capital." The author concludes by stating that these forms of alienation inherent in capitalist society are the basis for Marx's rejection of capitalism as fundamentally flawed.

From the Paper
"The first type of alienation Marx discusses in his Manuscripts is that of the worker from the object of production. He says: "The object which labour produces -- labour's product -- confronts it as something alien, as a power independent of the producer." (p. 71) "The more the worker spends himself, the more powerful the alien objective world becomes which he creates over-against himself, the poorer he himself -- his inner world -- becomes, the less belongs to him as his own." (p. 72) The gist of Marx's discussion is this: when the worker produces something, he imparts some of his essence to the object. However, the object does not belong to the worker to sell, but to the capitalist, and thus is an alien power."

Tags:capitalism, workers, labor, communism

Abstract
This paper questions whether Marx and Engel's theories of economic and social equality would be as readily accepted today as they were in the authors' day. The writer analyzes Marx and Engel's theories, with particular emphasis on "The Communist Manifesto." This is compared and contrasted to Robert Putnam's social capital perspective. The author feels that if Marx and Engels had read Putnam's ideas they might have been inspired by some of the benefits of capitalism, possibly altering their manifesto to include certain elements of democracy. The paper also examines the ideas expressed in Albert Hirschman's "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty." The author also believes Hirschman's philosophy would have impacted Marx and Engels as well. The author concludes that if Marx and Engels had lived to see recent history, their vision of a new, just society based on economic plenty shared by all would have certainly changed.

Outline:
About the Communist Manifesto
Putnam's Notion of Social Capital
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"It makes sense that if Marx and Engels were alive in today's society, they would have much different trains of thought. Given their philosophical natures, they would likely be influenced by many of today's contemporary thought leaders, such as Albert Hirschman, author of "Exit Voice and Loyalty", and Robert Putnam, author of "Democracies in Flux". This paper aims to provide a background on the ideas of "The Communist Manifesto" and offer some insight on what Marx and Engels may have changed based on reading these two contemporary works. "

Tags:Karl, Marx, Friedrich, Engels, The, Communist, Manifesto, Robert, Putnam, Albert, Hirschman

Abstract
The paper defines internationalism in general and revolutionary internationalism in particular. The paper explores the key characteristics of revolutionary internationalism according to the views of Marx and Engels. This includes the international system, the role of the state, the idea of capitalism, dependency and uneven development and the notion of crisis.

From the Paper
"First of all, it is necessary to define internationalism in general and revolutionary internationalism in particular. Internationalism is the rejection of state-centric (Realist) view of international order. It is a belief that there is movement of ideas across the world - for example, French Revolution in 1789 resulted in the spread of ideas about republicanism and nationalism, as well as man's rights. These movements make states and societies more and more interrelated, which increases potentiality for cooperation across boarders in terms of economics, and communications, and this is a desirable trend. Moreover, internationalism recognises that there is a need for some reform, i.e. it is politically active not simply a discussion of theory. This is why academics often view internationalism as a mechanism of putting cosmopolitanism in practice."

Tags:state, capitalism, dependency, uneven, development, crisis, international, system

Abstract
This paper discusses Karl Marx's theory of alienation, one of the most important concepts that can be found in his work. The writer provides a definition of alienation,and distinguishes four types of alienation in Marx's work, explaining them in detail. According to Marx, alienation is a result of the capitalist society in which private property divides people into owners and workers, and is the estrangement that people undergo in relation to their fellowmen, their work and their products. The influence of other philosophers on Marx's theory is also discussed, and how his theory differs from theirs. The paper also looks at some new political ideologies which arose from Marx's theory, and how these have altered the meaning of his concept of alienation.

Outline:
Alienation, Definition
Human Nature
Capitalist Reality
Alienation- types
The Roots. Feudalism.
Capitalism - Characteristics
The Division of Labour
The Alienation of the Worker From His Own Species-Essence/Species-Being
The Alienation Between Workers
The Alienation of the Worker From His Product
Uses of the Theory
Conclusions

From the Paper
"While his view was socialist, the philosopher also supported the existence of a political democracy. On the one hand, the individual had to be helped in his endeavours and be provided with all his rights and liberties. On the other hand, the individual had to assert his freedom through the exercise of his rights. In other words, humans must be aware of their own condition as well as of the world which surrounds them and the facts which occur, decide what are the best actions to be performed and last, but not least perform them."

Tags:proletariat, Hegel, Feuerbach, freedom, creativity, resources, individualism, solidarity

Abstract
In this essay the author goes head to head with Karl Marx's view of alienation. The contradictions which Marx makes on alienation of labor are pointed out and used to figure out what conception of the human essence Marx uses to rest his theory on. The author points out flaws in Marx's essay and offers alternative solutions.

From the Paper
"Karl Marks who lived between 1818 and 1883 wrote the Estrange Labor manuscript in 1844. Being only 26 years of age he challenges the works of the great philosopher Hegel. In his manuscript he considered himself to be a young Hegelian philosopher. Marx explains his beliefs on what he believes to be the key elements of estranged labor, mainly alienation from nature, alienation from product of labor, alienation from the activity of labor, and alienation from species. Hegel believed that trough the use of labor to create objects we could satisfy our bodily needs. He believed that our reason allowed for criticism to improve upon the objects, which allowed the mind to evolve toward pure reason and ultimately freedom. Hegel also noted that freedom was the essence of freedom. Marx does not completely agree with Hegel because he felt his theory was too abstract and ignored important concepts of social organization for production. Marx believes that philosophy in the past had mystified the real contradictions of human existence."

Tags:estranged, labour, metaphsics, society

Abstract
This paper discusess Karl Marx and his theory of alienation. It first discusses the causes of alienation and the process that occurs. The paper then specifically discusses why alienation has become a general phenomenon in the postmodern world. The paper concludes that Marx's theory of alienation is even more valid at present than it was for the contemporary situation that he tried to describe.

From the Paper
"Also, through his labor or his employment, man is obviously cut from his own activity. While a man does have a function in the modern system, he does not have direct access to the results of own work. The examples for alienation provided by the modern society are almost inexhaustible: the social and economical system is now more complicated than ever. Any work performed by an individual is now only a small part of a huge system that serves all kinds of interests. Man cannot exist as an individual outside society, since he is compelled to live and work in a certain way. More than the fact that the individual is now subjected to more and more laws, the laws are moreover abstract and impersonal and a man cannot get a personal response to any of his actions."

Tags:employment, spirit, behavior, context

Abstract
This paper explains Marx's theory of alienation and shows how it helps to understand Marx's analysis of contradictions in capitalist relations of production.

Abstract
In this article the writer analyzes the views of Karl Marx, in particular with regards to his views of the alienation of a worker. The writer discusses that Karl Marx defined this type of alienation as being a social problem, which had been in fact created by the bourgeois management of production on one hand, and exchange on the other. The writer notes that today, the condition of the worker is not as alienated as described by Karl Marx during his times, but still, a human being still produces automatically to earn his livelihood, rather then producing without any sort of external necessity, perhaps like an artist or a musician. The writer concludes that in a society where the forces of the market are able to dictate human behavior, people would never be able to realize their full potential, and this would mean that capitalism today, which interferes with the true nature of a human being, must be abolished as far as it is a possibility.

From the Paper
"In other words, Karl Marx was of the firm opinion that in general, a worker was alienated to a large extent. Perhaps, said Karl Marx, the obvious expression of this alienation was seen in the fact that the worker was quite unable, in capitalist times, of actually owning what he had produced with his effort and hard work. The fact cannot be denied, that the existing conditions of production did indeed dehumanize the worker, to such an extent that he became a mere animal, in following his routine and losing his creativity. The worker would also feel alienated because of the fact that work is not 'himself', it is outside of him, and therefore, not at all a part of his true nature. He becomes both mentally and physically 'debased', and is happy only during his leisure time, which is not much, and he is almost like an animal, in the basic satisfaction of his animal functions of eating, sleeping, procreating, while in his creativity and so on, he is reduced to an animal like thinking. Therefore, the animal becomes human, and the human, animal."

Tags:alienation, worker, capitalism, production