Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at two short papers that examine the theories of psychoanalysts Erik Erikson (stages of psychosocial development) and Karen Horney (neurosis).

From the Paper
"This paper is an overview of the essential theories of German developmental psychologist Erik H Erikson who established the theory of the stages of psychosocial development and who coined the phrase identity crisis. Erikson's model continues to be an important tool both in the study of early childhood personality development and in the overall examination of how the ego faces specific crises and deals with them either in a healthy way or through the compensations of various psychopathologies. Erikson's work served as a prolegomena for much subsequent ..."

Tags:Erikson, Horney, Freud

Abstract
The paper discusses how Karen Horney was a leading reformer and theorist in the field of psychology and psychoanalysis and one of the first major proponents of feminine psychology. The paper looks at Horney's personal life and how she served as an inspiration to women psychologists everywhere. The paper explains that in recognizing that women had dreams of self-actualization, just like men, Karen Horney showed the world that women could also achieve and be fulfilled. The paper also discusses how her work has not received the full attention it deserves.

Outline:
Introduction
Birth and Early Childhood
Adolescence and Awakening
Student of Psychology
The Acceptance of Self-Actualization
Critiques of Horney's Ideas
Karen Horney and Women Psychologists
Summary
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Karen Horney was born Karen Clementine Theodore Danielsen on September 15, 1885 in a suburb of Hamburg, Germany. As befits a child who would one day devote her adult life to understanding some of the universal themes of humanity, Horney's parents were of varied background. Her father was a Norwegian sea captain, a widower with four teenaged children of his own, and naturalized citizen of the German Empire. His second wife, and Karen's mother, was a woman of Dutch-German noble extraction (O'Connell & Russo, 1990, p. 184). Her fifty-year-old father, and thirty-two-year-old mother had already had one child together, Karen's brother, Berndt - this child would remain their favorite (O'Connell & Russo, 1990, p. 184)."

Tags:feminism, women, Freud, Self-Actualization

Abstract
This paper discusses the ideas of Karen Horney regarding personality development and how they were integrated into modern psychoanalysis therapies and personality development theory. The paper explains that the foundation of Horney's study rested on the tenet that social, cultural, environmental, and parental factors, influences, and issues shape child development more so than do biological factors. The paper also points out that Karen Horney developed her theory of personality development long before social and environmental influences were deemed important to a child's psychological development and that, while not widely-received in her time, portions of her ideas have been integrated into modern psychoanalytic thought and child rearing practices.

From the Paper
"During the early decades of this century, Freud and his sexual drive theories were the standard psychoanalytical theories pertaining to neurotic disorders and personality development. His stages of childhood development rested within a framework of psychosexual development. Horney, along with others, established what would later be termed the "cultural school"1 of psychoanalytic theory. This school of thought believed that biological factors did not drive the body and the mind, but rather that ruling factor in mental growth was believed to be the child's relationship with his or her parents. The child's early social experiences were considered the key factors in this mental and personality development. In Horney's analysis, biological factors were secondary to sociological variables. Culture, people, and relationships determined personality development, types, idiosyncrasies, and ultimately neurosis."

Tags:gender, based, neurotical, problems, reflections, disturbances, relationships, integrated, biological, drives

Abstract
This paper discusses the theories of Karen Horney, who was the first female psychologist of any note in a time when all of the great theorists were men. Her theories sought to uncover the causes of neuroses. The paper explores the theoretical basis of Horney's theories and then compares them to those of her contemporaries, particularly Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Erick Fromm and Carl Rogers.

Table of Contents:
Theory of Neurotic Needs
Horney and Freud
Alfred Adler
Erick Fromm
Carl Rogers
Discussion

From the Paper
"Horney, Freud and Adler focused on childhood as the source of experiences that lead to neuroses. However, there was not mention in any of the theories as to whether they felt that this was the only time when neuroses developed, or whether one could develop these differences between expectations and what one felt later in life. This was a major point that was left out of almost every major theory and represents a major flaw in Horney's theory as well. It is not known if she felt that the only time to develop neuroses was in childhood.
Horney, Rogers, and Fromm emphasized that each and every person has an idea of how and what they should be. However, this view may not be realistic or attainable. The difference between normalcy and neurosis is the ability to achieve the final goal. One example of this is the perfectionist that never feels that what they do is good enough. They will never achieve their expectations and there will always be inconsistency in what they believe they should be and what they are."

Tags:neurosis, perfectionist, personality

Abstract
This paper discusses the life and works of Karen Horney, a recognized psychologist who practiced in the early 1900s. It describes her life at home with her parents and how this influenced her work. The paper focuses on Horney's views on neurosis and discusses the ten different stages that she believed that neurotics need to attain to prevent them from experiencing great anxiety.

From the Paper
"Karen Horney was born on September 16, 1885 to Clotilde and Berndt Wackels Danielson. Horney's father, Berndt, was an authoritarian and she believed that he liked her brother more then he liked her. Her mother, Clotilde, was considered to be more suave then her father, and was also 19 years younger. Her parents also came from different social backgrounds. Her father was the son of a watchmaker, while her mother was the daughter of architect. She also had a tender and possibly sexual relationship with her brother who was four years older then her. However, he rejected her when she was around 8 years of age. In her childhood she felt like she was not wanted by not only her parents, but by her brother too. This could have been because of the martial problems that were happening between her parents and the later rejection by her brother. Because of these childhood difficulties she went through a bout of depression. It was in 1904 that her parents got divorced and there is no account of her father after this point in time. In 1906 she entered medical school against not only her parents' wishes, but the whole political society. During her time in medical school she met a law student by the name of Oscar Horney whom she married in 1909. In 1911 her mother died which put a strain on Horney; however it was these events that caused her to start psychoanalysis. In 1913 she received her MD from the University of Berlin. In 1923 Oscar Horney lost his job and got meningitis. These strains of events on him lead him to become a broke, morose and argumentative individual. It was also this year that Horney's brother died. When all of these events happened it lead her to consider pursuing her thoughts of suicide. She did attempt suicide during one vacation when she swam out to a sea piling. In 1926 Horney moved to Brooklyn, NY where she developed her first theories on neurosis. She passed away after much accomplished in 1952 at the age of 67. (Paris, 1994)"

Tags:womb, anxiety, hostility, withdrawl

Abstract
The paper explores Karen Horney's theories of personality, neurosis and sexuality and explains her emphasis on social, cultural and interpersonal dimensions of personality development and neuroses. The paper highlights the importance of her divergence from the speculative views and theories of Freudian psychology.

Outline:
Introduction
Overview of the Theory of Personality

From the Paper
"The work of Karen Horney is recognized as an extremely significant contribution to the theory of personality. Her work is also acclaimed in the area of psychoanalysis and in field of feminine psychology. Horney is also known for her reformulation of Freudian theories of personality and neurosis. In essence her work is described, albeit simplistically, as presenting a,"... holistic, humanistic perspective that emphasized cultural and social influences, human growth, and the achievement of self-realization" (O'Connell & Russo, 1990, p. 184)
"Karen Honey was also the first woman to present a paper on feminine psychology at an international conference. However, more importantly, "she pioneered and developed a feminine psychology that provided a new way of thinking about women" (O'Connell & Russo, 1990, p. 184). She is credited with opening " new frontiers" in the conceptualization of personality and in psychoanalysis, which influenced a diverse range of theories, theorists and psychoanalytic practitioners; including humanists, cognitive therapists, psychoanalysts, feminists, and existentialists. (O'Connell & Russo, 1990)."

Tags:personality, neurosis, sexuality, Freud, feminism

Abstract
This paper provides a brief biography of Karen Horney and then discusses the significant contributions that she made to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. The writer explains some of her theories regarding neurosis and relationships and her refutation of Freud's theory of penis envy. The paper concludes that although she died before the feminist movement, her views on feminine psychology helped promote gender equality.

Outline:
Background
Theoretical Perspective
Contributions to the Field of Psychology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Perhaps one of the most prominent theories to this day is her theory of neurosis. Horney viewed these neuroses as a sort of coping mechanism that is a large part of normal life. She identified ten neuroses, including the need for power, the need for social prestige, the need for affection, and the need for independence. She argued that individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and unvalued by disowning their real feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defense. (Horney, 1942) Karen Horney also followed much of Freud's theory, though she disagreed with his views on female psychology."

Tags:neurotic, anxiety, projection, externalization, self-realization, justification

From the Paper
"Karen Horney (1895-1952) was born in Hamburg, Germany, daughter of a Norwegian sea captain and a Dutch mother of "free thinking" ways. She was among the first generation of psychiatrists to study under Sigmund Freud, founding father of modern psychoanalysis, after his theories had become generally accepted in European circles in the early 20th century. Unlike Freud, thirty years her senior, Karen Horney's upper-middle-class Protestant credentials grounded her with a sense of social assurance and stability during her upbringing that the older man did not enjoy. Since, by his own records of self-analysis, Freud spent much of his adult life reacting to his childhood traumas of Jewish displacement/disadvantage in the changing Austrian society of the day, Horney's security must be considered an equally important foundation ... "

From the Paper
"This study will examine the personality theory of psychoanalyst Karen Horney. Horney's personality theory was formed in part as a negative response to the theory of Sigmund Freud. Specifically, Horney differed with Freud with respect to the latter's emphasis on the biological aspects of personality development.

Horney, accordingly, did not "believe in the castration and Oedipus complexes as described by Freud, nor did she accept the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, and phallic. She rejected Freud's concept of penis envy as the determining factor in the psychology of women".

Horney argued that Freud was wrong in concluding that aggression was an innate trait in human beings. Horney, to the contrary, argued that aggression was a tool used by the ... "

Abstract
The paper looks at both Carl Jung and Karen Horney who were brilliant thinkers who built upon and deviated from the psychoanalytical theories formulated by Freud. The paper examines their history, current status and conceptual framework. The paper shows how both theorists made a lasting and important contribution to our understanding of psychology.

From the Paper
"Carl Jung and Karen Horney were brilliant thinkers who both built upon and deviated from the psychoanalytical theories formulated by Freud. As will be shown in this essay, both theorists made a lasting and important contribution to our understanding of psychology."

Tags:jung, horney, self, development