Abstract
This paper explains that the basis of Gugliemo's article 'Is Offshore Outsourcing Worth the Loss of Its Jobs?' reflects the growing economic disparity that is occurring at the domestic level in the United States and in Canada. The author points out that her research indicates the growing exponential rate of American and Canadian jobs that are being exported over to third world countries have greatly lowered wage rates, threatening the middle class in North America. The paper relates that another factor is the policy making-leverage that America wields over most third world countries supplying technology job markets in the global market. The author underscores that, since many of these jobs are being provided to economically impoverished countries, there is a marked disadvantage not only to the workers being exploited in these countries but also to the workers on the North American continent. This paper includes long quotations.

Table of Contents:
Summary
Discussion
Analysis and Critique

From the Paper
"In Gugliemo's article, the issue of a vanishing middle class is a dangerous idea for native North American technology workers. When companies continually find that they can outsource jobs without government regulation, the country will find itself in a crisis. While the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer, where does the middle class go? Certainly, they would find themselves in the majority of the poor, which can constitute a real danger of stability in the country. Throughout history when the middle class is a missing link between the rich and the poor, civil strife will most likely ensue."

Tags:corporations, profits, education, stability, statistics

Abstract
This paper provides a review of the article "Is Offshore Outsourcing Worth the loss of Its Jobs?" by Karen Gugliemo.In this paper, Gugliemo's article also discusses the economic facets of policy making, which have a major effect on job markets because of outsourcing. In many ways, the paper concludes, these agreements insure that the companies will make higher profits, and it is, in fact, the law that helps forge these "free trade" agreements within and without the United States.

Tags:economics, leverage, market, employment, labor

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of recent research on the economic and labor impact of offshoring IT services to low-cost destinations. The research identifies key determinants, recent trends, occupations affected, magnitude, and benefits of offshoring to the U.S economy. The analysis indicates that the current wave of offshoring involves IT services threatens mainly white-collar occupations in the low-income group, but is counterbalanced by job creation in the high-income sectors. The research argues that the jobs lost to offshoring are a negligible percentage; on the other hand, the reduction in costs of IT services due to offshoring will increase labor productivity, job creation, boost Gross Domestic Product, and further strengthen the U.S. economy.

Table of Contents
Abstract
1 Background
2 Definition of Terms
3 Determinants of Offshore Outsourcing
4 Outsourcing and Productivity
5 Protectionist Measures
6 Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Traditionally, cost reduction has been the overwhelming motivation and perceived payback for outsourcing. While offshore outsourcing is not new (companies have been offshoring manufacturing for many years and reaping significant cost and productivity improvements), the offshoring of business processes is still in its infancy. In the past, outsourcing has often been used tactically, as a rapid and often short-term solution to a particular need or problem, which did not form part of an overall business strategy. The experience of manufacturing illustrated that when it is possible to do things cheaper elsewhere in the world, the work will migrate there. With the relentless pursuit of the lowest global costs, offshoring is getting institutionalized in many companies. So much that firms might resort to a strategic use of outsourcing by working with one or more suppliers in order to effect a significant improvement in business performance. This enables the firm to focus on those products that lie closest to the company's core capability set and consider jettisoning the rest. "

Tags:arbitrage, economy, globalization, labor, offshore, offshoring, outsouring

Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the American business practice of outsourcing jobs offshore. Specifically, the writer discusses the cause and effect of this practice on the American economy, labor force, customer service, etc. The writer points out that outsourcing a variety of American jobs overseas has become common practice and that the cause of this practice is clear. The writer then explains that American wages are higher than offshore wages, and outsourcing, therefore, saves American companies money. The writer notes that the effects, however, are beginning to be noticed in a wide area, from customer service to job loss. The writer argues that outsourcing overseas may save companies money, but in the end, it places them in a negative light and indicates their lack of interest in protecting and enhancing America and the American economy.

From the Paper
"Outsourcing has really taken off in the last few years. Thousands of American businesses routinely outsource customer service and other jobs to outsourcers in India, China, Russia, and other foreign companies. CBS News reports, "The U.S. government does not keep track of how many American jobs have gone overseas, but there are estimates that in just the last three years, as many as 400,000 jobs have gone to places like China, Russia, and India". In fact, outsourcing is on the rise, and it looks as if that trend will continue. Another expert notes, "The number of service sector jobs moving overseas is expected to reach 588,000 by 2005, up from 100,000 in 2000". This shift of jobs to overseas locations can create several negative affects to the country in a number of areas."

Tags:labor, workers, jobs, quality

Abstract
This paper examines how outsourcing to India can be very lucrative due to significant cost savings and many other beneficial factors surrounding the Indian software market. It discusses offshore outsourcing through a review of the article, "Inside Outsourcing in India", by Stephanie Overby. It examines how, in the article, two experienced entrepreneurs share their lessons and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Indian outsourcing. This paper also explores the history and future of offshore outsourcing, as well as how to successfully plan, implement, and manage such a relationship.

Outline
Executive Summary
Introduction
History
Advantages of Offshore Outsourcing
Disadvantages of Offshore Outsourcing
Planning the Outsourcing Relationship
Implementing the Outsourcing Relationship
Managing in an Outsourcing Relationship
Current Affairs
Future
Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"It is important to remember that outsourcing does not shift all responsibilities to service organizations. When stockholders, government agencies, customers and vendors demand answers to key questions, you can bet that they will not stop with the outsource service organization. In fact, most legal and fiduciary responsibilities cannot be shifted at all. The bottom line is this, when there is a serious problem, key questions to be answered, or operational shortfalls, the responsibility resides with management and not the service organization."

Tags:customers, vendors, service, software

Abstract
The paper relates that there is no doubt that more and more engineering jobs are leaving the U.S. and being outsourced, as China and India in particular are graduating more and more engineers. The paper discusses the obvious reason, that is lower salary demands by those engineers as compared to U.S. demands.

From the Paper
"The bottom line of many American companies now have a foreign accent. Overt the past decade, more and more jobs are being outsourced. One would think that these are the usual "customer service" telephone banks or credit card companies and banks. Unfortunately, they now include a massive redeployment of technical jobs that once where the pride and joy of American business. In a recent presentation by Dr. Rona Hira to the House Committee on Small business, a table of this exodus made a startling impact..."

Tags:offshoriung, job future, innovation

Abstract
The paper identifies the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing and reaches the conclusion that outsourcing isn't just about cost reductions anymore. The paper explains how outsourcing is mainly about freeing up valuable time and making companies more efficient, and also as a means to get insights and knowledge quickly. Despite the efforts involved in outsourcing, the paper predicts that outsourcing will increase as companies attempt to stay competitive while lowering their costs.

Outline:
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing
Summary

From the Paper
"The concept of outsourcing is not new yet the current exponential growth of this industry began in the early 1980s when contract manufacturing as a cost reduction strategy began to take hold in many westernized corporations. While these first steps in outsourcing resemble contract manufacturing, global outsourcing's major growth came as a result of the Y2K concerns all companies had regarding their computer systems. Y2K is the Year 2000 roll-over of systems and the intricate maintenance and programming needed to make these systems capable of running in the 21rst century. Indian global outsourcers especially benefited from this market dynamic, with Infosys, Satyam, HCL, WiPro, and many others owing their first contracts and resulting market successes to this market dynamic (Fulcher, 40)."

Tags:costs, efficiency, competition, culture, ethnocentrism

Abstract
This paper explores the topic of outsourcing scientific and technological jobs in terms of both similarities and differences in traditional Chinese and Mexican values as they relate to science and scientific/technological pursuits as a profession. The St. Leo University core values of respect and community are emphasized in the discussion.

From the Paper
"While it may be no surprise to hear that American companies are outsourcing jobs to both Mexico and China, it may be quite a surprise to learn that outsourced jobs related to science and/or technology go to China rather than Mexico. (Corbett) Furthermore, while there are actually more females in science technology positions in Mexico due to the fact that such positions are considered low status occupations than there are in America,..."

Tags:cross cultural comparison, China, Mexico, Outsourcing, Mexico

Abstract
The paper discusses how, since outsourcing in the global economy is here to stay, companies have to learn how to manage and succeed in this environment. The paper looks at the advantages of outsourcing and its effects on American jobs. The paper also provides several recommendations to position the U.S. to take advantage of the benefits of outsourcing.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Analysis
Summary and Recommendations

From the Paper
"As Stephen Goldsmith and William Eggers state in Governing by Network the question is no longer if you will outsource, this is a given in today's global market , but rather how effectively you can manage the network of outsourcing. Whether you manage a government agency, own a private company or direct a multinational conglomerate the principles of outsourcing or competition are similar.
"The changes come in the skills needed to manage such an organization. Yesterday a good leader needed to be well versed in the professional and technical aspects of his business, now it is more important to be skilled at collaboration and negotiation. Debates on the pros and cons of outsourcing are becoming irrelevant. It is time to get on with the business of learning how to manage and succeed in this environment. There are real advantages to the U.S. economy in managing outsourcing well: specialization, innovation, speed and flexibility."

Tags:jobs, employment, manufacturers, specialization, innovation, speed, flexibility

Abstract
This paper discusses why outsourcing helps and protectionism hurts the United States' economy. It provides an overview of a series of articles and research papers which discuss the impact of offshore outsourcing on the American economy. It analyzes whether it is ultimately better for America to be challenged competitively or if it is more prudent to protect American industries.

Table of Contents:
Summary
Offshore Outsourcing Has Become the Political Football of Choice
Offshore Outsourcing Hits Iowans Hard
Evaluating Lou Dobbs' Commentaries on Offshore Outsourcing
Making American Manufacturing Lean: A Perspective
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Instead, the author takes the approach of looking at the concepts of lean manufacturing as the true point of differentiation and long-term growth of American manufacturing. Link (2006) argues that efficiency and cost reduction through lean manufacturing techniques can actually forestall or even stop the outsourcing of jobs en masse. The other side of this argument however is that many Indian outsourcing companies including HCL, Infosys, Tata and others can deliver a 40% reduction in the costs of doing a complex task or process, which would ironically alleviate the pressure on companies to outsource their core business. The author tends to applaud the Toyota Production System too often, and could have made the entire article stronger by showing the ironies of Toyota themselves doing much of their outsourcing work on non-strategic parts of their business so they could focus on the core aspects of next generation auto development."

Tags:manufacturing, regionalization, protectionism