Abstract
This paper defines and describes those areas of Kant's theories that are not entirely supported through his initial exploration of this subject matter. In doing so, it is demonstrated that Kant's concept of transcendentalism in the face of Reason is not as sound as he assesses within his works on the subject.

Abstract
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason," which is the great thinker's most critically acclaimed work. It presents Kant's numerous arguments in favor of the possibility of metaphysics and shows how he tried to establish a much-needed link between science and metaphysics. It also discusses how he tried to bridge the gap between reason and metaphysics with the help of priori and posteriori.

From the Paper
"In the Critique, Kant invites science 'to undertake anew the most difficult of all its tasks, namely, that of self-knowledge, and to institute a tribunal which will assure to reason its lawful claims'. This tribunal is 'no other than the critique of pure reason' (Axi) and thus in the book Kant presented numerous arguments in favor of the possibility of metaphysics and tried to establish a much-needed link between science and metaphysics. Kant was fully aware of the shortcomings of both pure reason and pure metaphysics. He understood the problems posed by the two fields in exclusivity and hence tried to bridge the gap with the help of priori and posteriori. According to him we need a priori in order to move to posteriori. He feels that at some level all sciences require priori- i.e. a prior knowledge that mind just happens to possess and which happens to be true as well. The mind, Kant maintains, must be capable of holding true knowledge or generating it. For example it is important for it to know that night changes into day and day into night because of some heavenly changes. When it possesses this knowledge, it can move on to posterior to test the truth of it."

Tags:posteriori, priori, science

Abstract
This paper gives an account of Kant's arguments in the three analogies of "The Critique of Pure Reason"-- causal relations, simultaneity and the holistic community. It concludes that his argument that everything interacts with everything else is essentially plausible.

From the Paper
"In the third analogy Kant writes that the possibility of representing things as simultaneous requires these things to be represented as being in causal interaction with one another. He also writes, in the first analogy, that our apprehension of the world (the manifold of appearances) is successive and so it seems that we cannot apprehend any appearances as co-existent. If the appearances we apprehend were not ordered in time, and ordered in a way based upon the persistence of substance, we would end up with a 'play of representations' - a disordered jumble of appearances none of which are related to any other and each of which being apprehended randomly by the understanding, which has no principle by which to order its apprehension of the world any other way."

Tags:analogy, causality, community, holistic

Abstract
In this article, the writer refutes the claim that the sociology of taste undermines Kant's theory of pure aesthetic judgment. The writer describes Bourdieu's claim that there is no such thing as disinterested judgment because all judgments are sociologically motivated. The essay goes on to point out that Bourdieu is discussing sociology, which does not encroach on Kant's epistemology at all. Kant acknowledges that aesthetic judgment will be guided by taste, but this will not explain why one is actually moved by beauty, and for this reason he posits the existence of pure aesthetic judgment. The essay analyses Monet's paintings "Impression, Sunrise" and "Blue Water Lilies" in order to illustrate the theme.

From the Paper
"Kant is a philosopher, and he scarcely encroaches on the field of sociology. Of course a philosopher cannot ignore society. Kant alludes to society when he calls something practical, or contingent. Aesthetic judgment takes place in the context of society, as far as it is motivated by determinate ends. Only that part of it which transcends all determinate ends, and prefigures beauty, in its purity, and in its inexplicableness, may be said to be beyond the bounds of society. The object of Kant's metaphysics is to point out how the contingent is ruled by the transcendental. Therefore, in his epistemology he makes out practical reason to be ruled by pure reason, and in his critique of morality he describes duty as being ruled by the categorical imperative."

Tags:pure, aesthetic, judgment, sublime, beauty, critic, rational

Abstract
By claiming that space is empirically real and transcendentally ideal, Kant rejects both the Newtonian and Leibnizian metaphysical views, though, to be sure, he also finds a median between them. In the preface to the "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant asks, "How are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" To show that they are, he cites pure mathematics and pure natural science as 'progressive' exemplars. Kant plans to show that these judgments are possible, in part, because of the pure forms of intuition, namely, space and time. In this paper, the writer gives a detailed examination and critique of his main arguments to this effect, principally with reference to H. Allison's excellent commentary, "Kant's Transcendental Idealism."

From the Paper
"His position was that such a form must necessarily and logically proceed the actual intuition of an object, and thus, must be given by the mind (logically) prior to any possible experience of an object as distinct from the self. This is the sense in which it is necessary and universal - that is, a priori - as it is an 'epistemic condition' of all human knowledge derived from outer sense. So far I have only asserted Kant's claims, I shall now turn to the arguments he puts forth to establish the apriority and pure intuitive nature of space."

Tags:aesthetic, allison, forms, idealist, intuition, kant, metaphysics, ontology, pure, space, time, transcendent, transcendental

Abstract
The paper looks at two works by Immanuel Kant: "Critique of Pure Reason" and "The Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics". The writer first defines the term category and takes a step-by-step look at the possible categories Kant uses in his discussions and their implications.

Table of Contents:
A Priori
Intuition and Intuitive Knowledge
Space and Time
Experience
On Category

From the Paper
"Kant refers to the categories either implicitly or explicitly in support of his theory of knowledge throughout much of his discussions in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. To isolate the categories or the notion of category from the context of other central issues mentioned in these texts is a difficult task, particularly to one whose study of Kant has only very recently begun. However, such a task I have set myself to do. Drawing from several secondary sources and from the original texts previously mentioned, I shall try to make clear what Kant means by category and how this notion fits in with his overall theory of knowledge."

Tags:knowledge, intuition, discussions, experience, metaphysics

Abstract
In this article, the writer offers a full account of Kant's metaphysics of morals and also spells out its wider ramifications. The writer shows how the metaphysics of morals leads on naturally from the critique of pure reason. The writer maintains that there is no resolution to the metaphysics of understanding, unless it is seen as a prelude to activity, and therefore it brings in the dimension of morality. The same conclusion is arrived at by considering the consequences of free will. Both lead to the concept of duty, that which lies beyond all contingent ends, and which embodies freedom, virtue and pure reason. The writer then goes on to consider the parallels to Socrates' message of "Know thyself!" The writer also shows how the Kantian antinomy is transformed into the Hegelian dialectic. But Hegel misunderstands both Kant and Socrates, and turns the inner message of the soul into the outwardly defined message of the historical dialectic. The essay ultimately aims to restore the profundity of Kant's philosophy.

From the Paper
"Thereby a link is pre-established between pure metaphysics and the metaphysics of morality. Metaphysics is not possible, in the sense that we cannot understand pure reason with any degree of finality. But clarity in metaphysical thinking is not only possible, but is indeed a binding obligation. In other world, pure reason leads us to morality. The morality cannot stop with thinking, but must carry on into action. The next logical step, therefore, is to put the metaphysics of morals on a foundation, just as has been done with pure metaphysics. "

Tags:autonomous, will, reason, duty

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the object and substance of Immanuel Kant's 'Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics'. The writer notes that David Hume had declared metaphysics impossible, and Kant aims to recover this situation. The writer discusses that Kant concedes that final answers are impossible, yet metaphysics must still be engaged in order to lend structure and clarity to human thought. The essay goes on to outline Kant's efforts in this direction and his critique of pure reason.

From the Paper
"Just because the world is made intelligible, it does not imply that we do not meet contradiction. When we think we do so discursively, i.e. we think by making propositions in terms of subjects and predicates. But each subject we introduce is the predicate of another subject in an infinite chain. Because the absolute subject is beyond our grasp, discursive reason naturally leads to fallacies. In fact each truthful proposition will be found to have an equally valid refutation, which together is described as pairs of antimonies. Kant cites four cosmological antimonies, one of which places infinite space against a limited one. He goes on to show that there is no contradiction in essence. As originating in the judgment of perception space does indeed have a beginning. But as regards human understanding space is necessarily infinite. "

Tags:knowledge reason, future, categorical, imperative

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the two passages from Immanuel Kant and Peter Berger, the concept of freedom is explored in terms of human reason and its implications for our understanding of universal philosophical imperatives and sociological determinants. The paper argues that Berger both references and builds upon Kant's contention that freedom cannot be demonstrated through pure reason.

Tags:kant, berger, freedom

Abstract
This paper analyzes the works of Immanuel Kan, who was considered one of the most influential and profound philosophical thinkers in history. While Kant's most famous work is his "Critique of Pure Reason", the philosopher also contributed a wealth of other writings. Two such works are his "Critique of Aesthetic Judgment" and "Analytic of the Sublime." The following discussion provides a concise precis of the provided excerpts of both of these works.

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant is considered one of the most influential and profound philosophical thinkers in history. While Kant's most famous work is his Critique of Pure Reason, the philosopher also contributed a wealth of other writings. Two such works are his Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and Analytic of the Sublime. The following discussion provides a concise precis of the provided excerpts of Kant's' Analytic of the Beautiful' and 'Analytic of the Sublime.' "

Tags:kant, aesthetics, philosophy