Abstract
By claiming that space is empirically real and transcendentally ideal, Kant rejects both the Newtonian and Leibnizian metaphysical views, though, to be sure, he also finds a median between them. In the preface to the "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant asks, "How are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" To show that they are, he cites pure mathematics and pure natural science as 'progressive' exemplars. Kant plans to show that these judgments are possible, in part, because of the pure forms of intuition, namely, space and time. In this paper, the writer gives a detailed examination and critique of his main arguments to this effect, principally with reference to H. Allison's excellent commentary, "Kant's Transcendental Idealism."

From the Paper
"His position was that such a form must necessarily and logically proceed the actual intuition of an object, and thus, must be given by the mind (logically) prior to any possible experience of an object as distinct from the self. This is the sense in which it is necessary and universal - that is, a priori - as it is an 'epistemic condition' of all human knowledge derived from outer sense. So far I have only asserted Kant's claims, I shall now turn to the arguments he puts forth to establish the apriority and pure intuitive nature of space."

Tags:aesthetic, allison, forms, idealist, intuition, kant, metaphysics, ontology, pure, space, time, transcendent, transcendental

Abstract
The paper explores a pressing moral dilemma and how it appears Kant, Bentham and Hare would treat such a matter were they alive. Specifically, the paper looks at euthanasia and at the positions of each philosopher on this morally and intellectually vexing issue. To begin with, a review of Kant's work indicates that would he be alive today, he would be strongly opposed to euthanasia because of the unintended negative consequences it can create and because of his own revulsion towards suicide. Moreover, Bentham would, in the writer's opinion, be less-than-congenial towards euthanasia because of the potential it has to create far more harm than good for society at large (thereby making it a decidedly non-utilitarian practice) and because, like Kant, he feels that suicide is an offensive act worthy of condemnation.

Tags:euthanasia, kant, bentham

Abstract
The paper explains how Kant's position on marriage is built upon his ideas of sexuality and morality; for Kant, marriage represents the only answer to the conflict between the sexual desire and morality and thus marriage is a social requirement. This paper shows that marriage, as Kant understands it, is not a requirement since not every sexual desire leads to a moral issue.

From the Paper
"Kant's position on marriage is built upon his ideas of sexuality and morality. For Kant, marriage represents the only answer to the conflict between the sexual desire and morality and thus marriage is a social requirement. This paper will show that marriage, as Kant understands it, is not a requirement since not every sexual desire leads to a moral issue. For Kant, sexual desire is "an appetite for enjoying another human being" (Kant 125). This `appetite' is a natural need and sense that Kant calls "sixth sense". While Kant seems to consider the urge to satisfy sexual appetite a natural thing, he believes that "sexuality... exposes mankind...""

Tags:kant, marriage, sex

Abstract
This paper examines the philosophical outlooks of Immanuel Kant and David Hume, with the author concluding that Kant's perspective is preferable. Kant's opinion on how one gains knowledge is contrasted with Hume's. Both perspectives on the contribution of experience to knowledge and the role of the "self" and a personal "world" are also considered.

Outline:
Introduction
Exposition
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In his principal book entitled, "The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals," Kant explains why only the categorical imperative is the valid standard of moral obligation (Abbott 2006, Richards 2006, McCormick 2006). He limits his discussion to specific willful actions in moral situations or conditions, where the will is, or should be, influenced only by reason or rational considerations, rather than by subjective or emotional considerations, such as laziness, convenience, or advantage . He writes that morality involves what actions are necessary and that concept comes only from reason or rational considerations. These rational considerations must, in turn, be a "single principle of obligation (Richards)." It must also be stated as a command and has no reference to, or weighed against, the consequences of the action. Kant then says that only the categorical imperative fulfills all these conditions (Richards, Abbott, McCormick)."

Tags:philosophy, Immanuel, Kant, David, Hume, knowledge, epistemology

Abstract
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's ideas about space and time, showing how they flowed from Newton and then developed as a mental construct more than a description of any reality. The paper shows that these ideas were bound with Kant's ideas about human consciousness and the relationship between perceptions and reality, human thought and the material world, as part of Kant's theory of knowledge.

From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant is best known as a moral philosopher, though his writings address many other issues and include an ontological discussion of questions about space, time, and the relationship of man to God. Such questions are closely bound with Kant's ideas about human consciousness and the relationship between perceptions and reality, human thought and the material world. Moral philosophy is also known as ethics and consists of the study of certain values which help determine human behavior. Different theorists take different approaches to the issue. An interesting and complex approach is offered by Immanuel Kant. Bernard Williams notes that Kant relies on some ideas which are not shared by other modern theorists, "in particular that a commitment to the basic principle of morality (the so-called `Categorical Imperative') is presupposed by the very activity of a rational agent" (Williams 555)."

Tags:kant, space, time

Abstract
The paper explains Berger's view that human beings are meant to have freedom. The paper shows how Kant basically believed the same thing when he stated that human beings are ends in themselves. The paper looks at the two passages that are concerned with the basic beliefs of these two individuals. The paper analyzes these passages in terms of assumptions, language, perspectives and arguments. The paper explains how both Berger and Kant believed that the human being has a high purpose but that the purpose could be easily taken away. The paper highlights how according to Berger, society could destroy it and Kant believed that humans can be used by other people.

From the Paper
"Berger is concerned with the individual's position in society and with people's ability to deal with the facades of society. Society can lead in two directions. Kant was not concerned with society, but only with the individual's actions towards other people. In Berger's view, human beings are meant to have freedom, and Kant basically believed the same thing when he stated that human beings are ends in themselves. The two passages are concerned with the basic beliefs of these two individuals. The passages will be analyzed in terms of assumptions, language, perspectives and arguments."

Tags:kant, berger, freedom

Abstract
This paper deals with approaches taken to Kant's categorical imperative. The author examines the Kant's work such as "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," and various interpretations by critics such as Dietrichson as well as Allison. A look at Kant's approach to methodologies.

From the Paper
"When Immanuel Kant wrote his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it was as the basis for which he would write all his latter works on the study of morality, namely reason in Kant's estimation (though admittedly this is a simplification). There have been numerous chapters written on Kant's work in the Groundwork, and therefore, there have been numerous approaches to analysis of the Groundwork attempted by authors who have sought to either support or attack Kant's conceptions of human motivations."

Tags:categorical, freedom, imperative, kant, metaphysics, morality, morals

Abstract
This paper examines Henry Allison's critique of Kant's theory of rational judgment and then highlights and explains the difficulties Allison has with Kant's theory. Specifically, this paper explains Allison's view that, in contrast with Kant, one cannot have a "disinterested liking" toward the object being judged.

From the Paper
"The aesthetics of taste and the merits of rational judgment are often posited as binary opposites. Yet rationalism did not lead Kant to exclude taste from his system of philosophy. Instead, taste figures prominently in Kant's analytic, notes scholar Henry Allison in his text on Kant's Theory of Taste. (2) The theory of disinterested taste advanced in Kant's Analytic of the Beautiful is explicitly in dialogue with his German philosophic contemporaries. It attempts to define a pure judgment of taste, which Kant believes must be devoid of all interest. "Everyone has to admit that if a judgment about beauty is mingled with the least interest than it is very partial and not a pure judgment of taste."

Tags:Analytic, of, the, Beautiful, disinterested, taste, Kant's, analysis

Abstract
This paper compares the ideas and theories of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant concerning morals. The paper compares their views on moral concerns necessary for ethical decisions and moral perceptions of higher and lower pleasures. The paper also examines and discusses differences between the two philosophers regarding moral judgment and decisions and contends that Kant's moral system is more complete.

From the Paper
"Any truly complete ethics must address a number of concerns. These concerns include moral perception, moral choice, moral judgment, moral justification and moral systems. While a number of theorists have addressed these aspects of ethics, the ideas and theories advanced by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill seem to offer the most complete and affirmative approaches to these concerns. For any ethics to exist there must be some type of moral perception present in individuals and in entire societies. John Stuart Mill found that almost all..."

Tags:morals, philosophy, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant

Abstract
This paper addresses differences between two versions of the famous categorical imperative in Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. These formulations deal with the universal/objective and individual/subjective views of moral and ethical actions. There is some discrepancy between what ethical 'results' each formulation delivers, which is discussed in the paper.

Tags:PHILOSOPHY / KANT, contrast universal kant