Abstract This paper explains that the IndianCentral Government Health Scheme was launched in 1954 with a dual purpose of providing a comprehensive medical care facility to the Central Government employees and pensioners including their families and to do away with the cumbersome system of medical reimbursement; however, the purposes for which the scheme was launched appear to have been lost given the introduction of private medical care. The author investigated 364 cases, as a random sample from the Postal & RMS (Railway Mail Service), located in the NCR of Delhi and the city of Bangalore, by analyzing the financial implications of treatment at various types of hospitals: Government (GOV), Private Recognized (RP) and Private Unrecognized (UP) hospitals under the CGHS scheme. The paper reports that the percentage satisfaction level for IP treatment in private hospitals is greater than the government hospitals and investigates extensively possible private insurance schemes involving the government. Many tables and charts.
Table of Contents
Research Objectives
A Brief Overview of Functioning of CGHS
Recognition of Private Hospitals by CGHS
Facilities Provided to Serving Employees and their families
Facilities Provided to Central Government Pensioners
Other Facilities in Non-emergency Cases
Emergency Care
Rates of Subscription and Recoveries
Findings
Quantitative Data
Treatment in Different Categories of Hospitals
The Claim Spread
Out-of-Pocket Expenses based on Hospital Types.
Out-of-Pocket Expenses based on Disease Types
In-Patient and Outpatient Treatment: Delhi V/S Bangalore
Comparative Cost of Treatment
Budgetary Allocation, Expenditure and Cost of Treatment-Scheme-Level
Outpatient Cost of Card (Pensioners Included)
Inpatient Cost of Pensioner Card
Average Total Cost of Card for Pensioners
Average Total Cost of Card: Serving Employees
Welfare of Employees and Subsidy-Scheme Level
Implications for the Central Government Health Scheme
Employee Benefit-Case of DOP
Qualitative
ICICI Lombard
Mediclaim or Hospitalization Benefit Insurance Policy
Abbreviations
From the Paper "Budgetary allocation to CGHS scheme is made every year under various heads based on projected requirements of the CGHS dispensaries. There is no analysis of performance of the dispensary or review of utilization of funds while making fresh allotment of funds. Their utilization neither is monitored nor is any expenditure-benefit analysis carried out. Although the scheme was introduced with welfare angle, it is no denying the fact that the money allocated to the dispensaries should be properly utilized and the benefits should overweigh the expenditure. In the present practice, there is no monitoring mechanism to ensure efficient utilization of funds by the dispensaries, one of the reasons for the same being non-maintenance of financial/cost records properly."
Abstract The 1960s in Brazil were revolutionary times. However, most of this progress halted under a new dictatorship. In 1964, a right wing military coup took control of Brazil, bringing with it an extreme level of censorship of both artists and intellectuals. This paper outlines the effect this dictatorship had on Brazil's contemporary art movement.
From the Paper "At the end of 1968, the Institutional Act #5 was set in place. This act gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship. For culture, this meant strict censorship of artistic events, and the persecution and imprisonment of intellectuals and artists. This was a very heavy blow to artists, as they had to watch their steps even more. Soon after Vladimir Herzog, a journalist accused of subversion, was murdered in prison by the military police, Cildo Meireles began creating his "Insertions into Ideological Circuits" in order to create a system for the circulation and exchange of information that did not depend on any kind of centralized control."
Abstract This paper discusses Brazil's socioeconomic structure that was founded on slavery. During the colonial period from 1550 to 1880, rapid growth of the Brazilian economy occurred because of the convergence of several factors. The sugar industry was synonymous with the early economy.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of Spanish and Portuguese colonization on Mesoamerican culture, with an emphasis on conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity. The author describes the native religion and lifestyle prior to the Europeans' arrival, and the subsequent results of conversion to Christianity, both positive and negative. Also described is the treatment toward the native peoples by the Europeans. The paper is divided into two sections, one describing the Spanish invasion and the other the Portuguese conquest of Brazil. The author concludes that the effort by Portuguese Christians to convert native Brazilians - by force or otherwise - to Christianity was far less successful than tactics used by Spaniards in Mexico.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
The arrival of the Spaniards into Mesoamerican Mexico
Things did not go well for the Spaniards in 1680s and 1690s
Jesuit priest Father Tomas Miranda raged at the cruel treatment of the Seri
Portugal and the Colonization of Brazil Works Cited
From the Paper "And because the Roman Catholic leadership in Spain saw the natives as part of a prophecy, a gift from Lord to enrich their Spanish culture, the Franciscan missionaries, the first priests in Mexico, used "indoctrination" as a term rather than "evangelization." The Spaniards reportedly believed that since God had placed these Native Americans on Mexican soil for the enhancement of Spanish culture and religion, that the natives merely needed the facts of Christianity (Roman Catholicism), not the full litany of evangelization. The Spaniards were wrong, of course, and they found themselves in the midst of a myriad of troubling situations they could not possibly have predicted."
Tags: Christianity, conversion, native, peoples, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, Portugal
Abstract A paper comparing and contrasting the colonization of Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya. Several historical accounts in books are used as well as some journal articles for background information. The paper focuses on the assimilation of the colonists into new lands.
Abstract This paper reviews Stein's book "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" about the role of slavery in 19th century plantation life. The author points out that the book offers a greater understanding of how plantation owners would go to great lengths to gain wealth, power, and prominence in local society. The paper concludes that slavery played a critical role in the history of production.
From the Paper "S. J. Stein's "Vassouras: A Coffee County in Brazil" is an interesting portrayal of a coffee plantation and its influence on local society. This book explores the Brazilian culture in the 19th Century in greater detail, emphasizing the importance of coffee as a means of social communication and economic potential, as well as the pivotal role of slavery in the plantation society. The primary argument that the book attempts to answer is concerned with the understanding of slave labor and its influence on the activities of a coffee plantation, and that without the most effective operational structure, even in the 19th Century, the coffee plantation would be destined for failure in epic proportions."
Abstract This paper examines the way in which three cultural traditions have come together in Brazil. The author points out that these cultural traditions are Native American, European and African. The paper relates these culture as observed in dance, music, religion and farming practices.
From the Paper "Brazil is one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world, drawing on a large number of traditional cultural sources in order to create its own unique national identity. While there are a number of cultures that come together in Brazil, three major influences have shaped the national identity for the past several hundred years. These influences arise from native populations, Europeans, and Africans. The native tribes were obviously already there when the Europeans arrived, bringing their culture with them. The Europeans brought Africans to Brazil as slaves. Over time, these three groups found their own cultural tropes appropriated and mixed with the others to form new cultural forms in music, dance, religion, and even farming."
Abstract This three page undergraduate paper examines the most common types of protest in Brazil. It discusses land reform, environmental issues and globalization as the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological and political concern. The paper discusses protests over the past few years and what the protesters hoped to achieve.
From the Paper "Researching the most common types of protest in Brazil reveals that land reform, environmental issues, and globalization are the three primary issues of social, economic, ecological, and political concern. The most significant protests over the last few years have been organized and carried out by landless peasants, who have become increasingly assertive in their efforts to force the government to pass land reform legislation. In recent years, landless Brazilian peasants have protested government economic policies regarding land reform and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA. According to Comings (2005) twelve-thousand Landless Workers Movement activists marched on the capital last May and "occupied eight ranches during their two-week trek from the city of Goiania." "
Abstract The paper discusses that the term 'Indian giver' has come to be a synonym for someone who gives something, only to take it back. The paper further explains that it was the Indians who were forced to give to the Europeans--their knowledge about farming and fishing in the Americas and ultimately their land. The paper discusses that in Jack Weatherford's book, "Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World," the exchange between Europeans and Native Americans was an unequal one, with Europeans taking of the positive benefits of the New World, while the Indians were doing all of the giving. The paper concludes that unwittingly, the Indians found themselves the recipient of the evils of European civilization, like slavery, and a disrespectful attitude to the land.
From the Paper "According to Weatherford, the early post-Columbian contact of the Europeans with the native populace actually enabled the Industrial Revolution to change Europe, and ultimately the world. "Had Europe and America not come together through Columbus or some other connection, the industrial revolution would never have happened in the way we know it," because Europeans would never have gained access to the metals of the New World, or to Indian mines (Weatherford 57). This contact also generated the money economy of Europe and fueled a shift to a European economy based upon real, hard, convertible currency. Metal-based currency also was critical in fueling industrialism and world trade. By beginning the book with tales of South American encounters with Europe, which were particularly brutal and unequal from the beginning of the Indian-European relationship, Weatherford initiates a tragic tone, explaining how enslaved South American Indians mining gold and silver in Potosi supplied the precious metals for most of the European coins that generated wealth for the Old World at the expense of the liberty of the New World."
This paper reviews and examines Donald Hughes' book "North American Indian Ecology" which focuses on a wide range of ecological and environmental issues faced by Native American Indians in the 20th century.
Abstract This paper explores and details North American Indian life and culture as portrayed in Donald Hughes' book "North American Indian Ecology." This paper discusses the land issues facing the North American Indian tribes including overgrazing, erosion and assessments of appropriate land usage. The writer of this paper finds Hughes' book to be straightforward and concise in clarifying the characteristics of Indian life such as hunting, food growing and rituals.
From the Paper "Tribes are having to mediate the disparate demands of their members and the industrial mindset of the BIA to balance forest use for economic need and preservation for cultural need. Tribes face many of the same problems as non-Native communities held hostage by the timber industry. Replanting has not always kept pace with harvesting on public or trust lands. The push to harvest old-growth timber is constrained by federal mandates to protect endangered species habitats, putting people out of work. Few local communities gain the "value-added" benefits of processing their own timber especially jobs and new businesses and when they do the environmental impact of mill sites has to be factored into any cost-benefit analysis."
Abstract This paper addresses the changes in American Indian warfare during the period of western settlement in the 19th century. It gives a summary of Plains Indian culture and reasons for conflict, and details conflicts between settlers and American Indian tribes. The paper's thesis, borne out in historical research, is that the introduction of horses and firearms made conflicts between US relocation forces and unwilling Indian tribesmen bloodier than necessary on both sides. The author does not take sides on the Native American sovereignty issue.
Abstract The paper explains that Jack Weatherford began to examine the history of the Native American as he discovered that many agricultural products would not have been produced in farming without the knowledge that Indians gave those in the new world. The paper describes how Weatherford further stipulates that it is through these advances in agriculture that the United States has remained a strong contender in the global market ,and that without the influences of the Native Americans on the early settlers those new to America would not have survived. The paper analyzes how, through his work, "Indian Givers: How Indians of the Americas Transformed the World", Volume I, Weatherford brings an insight to a people that most individuals have been negligent in understanding. The paper concludes that it is Weatherford's purpose to demonstrate that Native Americans have been a misrepresented and forgotten people when the history of North America is discussed.
Abstract This paper presents a brief history of the Native Americans of California, focusing on their struggles with colonizing Europeans and their eventual loss of land and civil rights. The paper traces the history of Native Americans in the US back to their arrival in North America from Asia. Next the author describes their settlement and cultures in North America, and California specifically. The paper highlights the arrival of Europeans to Californian, describing the Native American's subsequent loss of loss of land, culture and autonomy. Special attention is paid to the effects of reservations on the Native American population.
Outline:
California Indians Population Decline of California Indian Figure-1: Native California [Census 2000]
Figure-2: Native California Population [Census 2000]
Indian Plight since Columbian Period
Paper includes maps and charts.
From the Paper "This exploitation continued well into the twentieth century and displacement of Native Indian from reserves continued with little or no compensation until the early twentieth century. The enlightened society of the twentieth century began to apply the laws which have been on the statutes for centuries to all Americans. Discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion and sex can not be legally justified anymore. This important factor now provides legal rights and new protection to Native Indians. "
Abstract This paper discusses the public apology made by Kevin Gover, the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs, to Native Americans for the harsh mistreatment they received at the hands of the U.S. Government. The paper looks at the many aspects of this mistreatment addressed by the apology, and suggests that, although late in coming, a public apology may open the door to reparations for American Indians.
From the Paper "In his speech, Gover made note of the Dawes Severalty Act, passed in 1887. This act was just one in a long line of examples of the early settlers? inability to understand the ways of the Native Americans. The act was created by whites who believed they were helping weak Native Americans by turning them into farmers and land owners. While this act uprooted the Native Americans from their homes and placed them in reservations, the American government alleged that they were helping, rather than hurting the Native Americans simply because of their belief in the superiority of America and of its culture."
Abstract The military history of British involvement in India began, fully, in 1857 when Indian forces staged a revolt against the British East India Company. The Indian army began as an indigenous force run by British officers. The British role in India, far surpassed the history of British Imperialism anywhere else in the world.
