Abstract
This paper presents and analyzes a hypothetical scenario in the juvenile justice system from the perspectives of juvenile police officer, probation officer, and judge. it addresses two fundamental questions which include the roles of these three key players in the juvenile system, and how they work together to ensure that a child gets the best possible outcome. Additionally, the discussion also compares and contrasts how these roles are similar and different in the juvenile process.

From the Paper
"The following discussion examines a hypothetical scenario in the juvenile justice system whereby the current writer has been appointed three key roles: juvenile police officer, probation officer, and judge. It follows that two fundamental questions are addressed including: 1) the roles of these three key players in the juvenile system, and 2) how they will work together to ensure this child gets the best possible outcome. Discussion also compares and contrasts how these roles are similar and different in the juvenile process. The current study concludes with a final..."

Tags:juvenile justice, probation, juvenile police

Abstract
This paper looks at the way in which juvenile offenders were punished as harshly as adult offenders and were subject to corporal and capital punishment, prior to the 1800's. It discusses how the current American system of juvenile justice is based on hundreds of years of legal traditions, some of which are discussed in brief in this paper.

From the Paper
"In the early 1800's, people were starting to see children in a different light, as persons at a unique level of human development rather than little adults; with equal moral and cognitive capacities. Several alternatives to imprisonment came about during the 1800's. The cottage system eliminated large congregate living situations and placed smaller cottage-like buildings together. The placing out system placed adolescents from urban slum areas with families in rural areas to teach them how to work and learn under the guidance of a family. Upper class, troubled adolescents were sent to military school to learn discipline. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, juvenile and family courts were established to separate juvenile delinquents from adult criminals. The child-saving movement was started at this time and the juvenile system was changed to include juvenile, courts, probation, child guidance clinics, truant officers and reformatories."

Tags:current, system, juvenile, justice, legal, traditions, little, distinction, rights, expectations, children, adults, punished

Abstract
This paper presents briefs on four cases in juvenile justice on constitutional law: "Eddings v. Oklahoma", "Schall v. Martin", "New Jersey v. T.L.O." and "Thompson v. Oklahoma".

From the Paper
""Eddings v. Oklahoma": Should a defendant's age be a mitigating factor in deciding whether to apply the death penalty. Facts: Petitioner was convicted in an Oklahoma trial court of first-degree murder for killing a police office and sentenced to death. At the time of the murder, the petitioner was young but was tried as an adult. Petitioner in mitigation presented substantial evidence of a turbulent family history of beatings by a harsh father and serious emotional disturbance. The judge found the State had proved the..."

Tags:juvenile, justice

Abstract
The paper examines whether there has been a revolution in the field of juvenile justice, and finds that the past 40 years have seen a recognition of the complexities of the system, and finds that reality remains very grim.

From the Paper
"In 1964, Gerald Gault let a friend, Ronald Lewis, use his phone. When he realized Lewis was making a crank call, he grabbed the phone and ordered Lewis to leave. The offended phonecall recipient, Mrs. Cook called the police (Gault, 1967, p. 4). Investigating officers took Gerald into custody (Gault, 1967, p. 4). His parents were not notified this, and only when his mother asked the superintendent of the local children's detention point blank that she learned of her son's incarceration. She was told that a hearing would be held the next day (Gault, 1967, p. 5). At the hearing, the prosecutor petitioned to have Gerald declared delinquent (Gault, 1967,...)"

Tags:gault, juveniles, justice

Abstract
This paper explores the history of the juvenile justice system, dating back to the 1820s and until the present. The juvenile justice system in dealing with juvenile offenders has cyclically gone from a rehabilitative approach to a punitive approach a number of times since its inception. The writer of this paper contends that in certain cases juvenile criminals should be treated differently than adults who commit the same crimes and supports this claim by detailing eight possible justifications. One justification is that adults are responsible for their acts, whereas juveniles are not. Another justification is that juveniles are more pliable than adults and respond better to treatment and rehabilitation.
This paper also details various research which examines the history of the juvenile justice system from 1820 which found that when juvenile crime is determined to be high, the justice system responds with severe punishments and few rehabilitative approaches. This paper also discusses the current approach to the juvenile justice system and questions its effectiveness in dealing with juvenile offenders.

From the Paper
"What the models or approaches have neglected up to this point is the importance of the victim and the community, accountability of the offender, and competency development. So far there has been the debate between punishment versus treatment as options, but both have negative side effects and essentially ignore everything else. The need for retribution may be satisfied by punishment, but the offender can be negatively affected. Punishment can undermine self-restraint, stigmatizes the offender and creates problems of adjustment, which encourages delinquency, to name a couple, but it also encourages offenders to focus on themselves, not the victim and their responsibility."

Tags:youth, crime, law, legal, justice, system, court, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the rulings of the Supreme Court of the United States that have had long lasting affects on the juvenile justice system. The paper contends that each ruling by the justices has been centered around the 14th amendment to the constitution, and provides case evidence to support this thesis. The paper gives examples of long term effects.

From the Paper
"The juvenile justice system was created in 1899 to protect youths who were convicted of crimes from being incarcerated with violent adults (Males and Macallair 1). From the beginning, however, judges had the right to transfer any juvenile they wished to adult courts, and jails, at the judges own discretion. Furthermore, as the increase in juvenile crime has taken place over the last few decades the juvenile justice system has been in a continuous battle with society over how juveniles should be tried, incarcerated, and punished. Many believe that the philosophy in handling juvenile crime in the United States should be one that centers on making punishments tougher, and thereby, deterring future juvenile criminals. "

Tags:supreme, court, juvenile

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the juvenile justice systems of the United States and Japan. The paper shows how each juvenile justice system was established and how each system handles the processing of juveniles through the court system.

From the Paper
"It abolished the minimum age of detainment at a Juvenile Training School. These schools are reform schools and are for juveniles under the age of 14 that have no criminal liability. They have a strong emphasis on education and vocational training. Upon leaving a Training School the juvenile is placed on probation. In the United States, in Dane County, Wisconsin, Family Court handles all petitions filed against juveniles."

Tags:probation, officer, rehabilitating, juveniles, detention, facility, primary, care

Abstract
This paper examines the history of the juvenile justice system in the United States of America from the 14th century to modern day practices in the 21st century. Within this time frame, the history of adolescent controls, early forms of juvenile justice, the progressive era, contemporary juvenile justice, and modern-day juvenile detention facilities are discussed in terms of development. Emphasis is placed on examining these topics of discussion in correlation with the major schools of thought that include bureaucracy, human relations, neo-weberian, institutional school, and environmental models of organizations discussed by Charles Perrow, a prominent professor of Sociology.

Outline
History of Adolescent Controls (14th - 17th century)
Childhood
Capitalism, the fall of Family Controls, and the Binding System
Institutionalized Controls
Early Forms of Juvenile Justice (1750-1886)
The New York House of Refuge
The New York Juvenile Asylum
The Lyman School for Boys
Progressive Era (1886-1920)
Hull House
First Juvenile Court Law: Illinois (1899)
The Juvenile Court Movement
Contemporary Juvenile Justice (1960-Present)
Supreme Court case "in re Gault"
Punitive Reform
Mental Health Movement: a New Era?
Modern-day Juvenile Detention Facilities
Design
Procedure
Treatment Programs
Goals
Kalamazoo County Juvenile Home
Kalamazoo County Juvenile Home and Modern-day Juvenile Facilities
Weberian Bureaucracy
Group Relations Model
The Institutional School
Neo-Weberian Model
The Environmental Model
Conclusion: Key Factors in the Advancement of Juvenile Justice in America
Private and Public Agencies
Eras of Reform
Judicial System and the Constitution

From the Paper
"Children in the 14th century were essentially viewed as pieces of property and servants for rich families and loyalty. Both girls and boys were institutionalized at a very young age with clear gender role expectations for both genders. Boys were intended to fight and grow up to be knights where women were taught domestic skills to prep them for a life consisting of household duties.
"Children were expected to help their family in the fields and around the house at the young age of seven or eight. Children were essentially thrown into the world of work and expected to take on the role of an adult without any guidance because other forms of social controls or structures had not yet been established (schools). Stages of development such as adolescence and teenage years were basically non-existent during this time simply because they were not given the opportunity to grow up."

Tags:adolescence violence, in re Gault, constitution

Abstract
This paper explains that England and Canada appear to have juvenile justice systems similar to the system in the U.S. The author points out that, under the Youthful Offenders Act of 1854, England's Juvenile Justice System was created separate from the adult system. The paper relates that the Canada's juvenile justice system has gone through three different phases throughout the 20th century; the Juvenile Justice Act of 1908 defined the age of juvenile delinquency from 7 to either 17 or 18, depending on the province; in the 1960s and 1970s, Canada protected children by legal rights, especially constitutional rights; and, in 1995, an act amended the Young Offenders Act to focus on a multidisciplinary approach focused on why young people commit crimes and on rehabilitation.

Table of Contents
England's Juvenile Justice System
Prevention
The Persistent Young Offender
Overview of Youth Court
Summary
Canada's Juvenile Justice System
Canada's Youth Court
Summary

From the Paper
"Over the past few decades England has been trying to deal with an increasing crime rate. Property offenses have been increasing dramatically, which is creating a big concern for the public as well as those that work in the system. Throughout the past decade, the British have put a great deal of focus on dealing with a desire to divert more young people away from the formal adjudicatory process, while also developing a plan that deals with the most serious and persistent young offenders. Several Acts have been enacted to attempt to facilitate the administration and delivery of both objectives; they include the Criminal Justice Act (1991), the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (1994), the Crime and Disorder Act (1998), and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999)."

Tags:police, parole, separation, law, rights, rehabilitation

Abstract
This paper discusses five factors that are believed to be significant in the occurrence and prevention of juvenile delinquency. It explores the ways in which the family, community, law enforcement, probation and courts can utilize the information to improve the juvenile justice system. Finally, the paper gives recommendations for future improvements to the juvenile justice system.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Family
Education
Environment
Social Status
Religion
Law Enforcement
Courts
Probation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"With the recent influx of juvenile crime, especially serious crimes, the juvenile justice system has taken a lot of criticisms as to its mission and effectiveness. Society as a whole is becoming more interested which prompts law makers and law enforcers to take a harder look at the current system. During this paper, we are going to discuss five concepts that we believe to be the most significant social facts in the occurrence and/or prevention of juvenile delinquency. Those five concepts are family, education, environment, social status, and religion. Finally, we are going to discuss ways that we believe may help reduce juvenile delinquency in the future."

Tags:criminal, enforcement, delinquency, probation