Abstract
Restorative justice is a method of attempting to repair or rebuild the harm done to a victim by an offender, however, is not recommended in domestic violence cases. Restorative justice can involve mediation, restitution, generosity, reintegration, etc. to help heal the victim and the offender, so that both may regain their dignity and lead healthy, productive lives subsequent to the incident. Restorative justice is unique within the criminal justice system because it cannot be implemented or achieve its respective goals without the cooperation of both the victim and the offender. This concept may be helpful for restoration of many types of crimes, and has been considered as a method of justice in domestic violence cases.

From the Paper
Running Head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Restorative Justice: Domestic Violence and Alternative Methods of Reparation By Student's Name Name of University Introduction Restorative justice is a method of attempting to repair or rebuild the harm done to a victim by an offender, however, is not recommended in domestic violence cases. Restorative justice can involve mediation,

Tags:justice, repair, violence

Abstract
This paper analyzes Executive Order 12898 signed by Bill Clinton in 1994. The author's objective is to determine if Executive Order 12898 has assisted the Environmental Justice Movement in achieving environmental protection for all communities. The paper discusses in detail the responsibilities of each of the federal Bureaus and what they are expected to do under the Environmental Justice Act. The effects of the equitability of the Superfund Program after Executive Order 12898 was passed are also analyzed. The author includes a case study of the battle for environmental justice on Chicago's South side. The author concludes that low income families are still negatively affected even after Executive Order 12898 was passed.

Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Background
Various Forms of Equity Described
Examination of Cultural Resources
Environmental Justice: Cleanup
Executive Order 12898
Effects of Executive Order 12898
Chicago Land Areas and Environmental Justice
Methodology
Results
Conclusion

From the Paper
"On February 11, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. This order directs each federal agency to develop an environmental justice strategy for identifying and addressing disproportionately high and adverse human health, or environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income populations. Monies were allocated to federal agencies and state governments assisting communities to develop strategies toward local environmental problems.
Executive Order 12898 reinforces the 45 year-old Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VI, which prohibits discriminatory practices in programs receiving federal funds. The order also focuses the spotlight back on the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a 40 year old law that set policy goals for the protection, maintenance and enhancement of the environment. NEPA's goal is to ensure for all Americans a ''...safe, healthful, productive, and aesthetically and culturally pleasing environment, NEPA requires a detailed statement on the environmental effects of proposed federal actions that significantly affect the quality of human health.'' (paraphrased)"

Tags:low-income, environment, protection, justice

Abstract
This paper discusses retributive justice and restorative justice, and their strengths and weaknesses. The paper also discusses their place in the modern justice system as well as what place restorative justice has in the future of our justice system, if there is a future for it at all.

From the Paper
"This paper shall define and discuss retributive justice and restorative justice, and their strengths and weaknesses. The paper also discusses their place in the modern justice system as well as what place restorative justice has in the future of our justice system, if there is a future for it at all. Retributive justice and restorative justice are very divergent of one another and involve different philosophies on both the community and..."

Tags:restorative, retributive, justice

Abstract
The paper discusses how in "The Republic", Socrates takes up a great deal of time drawing an analogy between the justice of the city and the justice of the individual person; in the end, they conclude that justice entails the having and the doing of one's own and what belongs to oneself - a conclusion they find lacking but the best one available. In any event, the paper shows how these men are striving to determine the nature and constitution of the individual soul and its educational requirements.

From the Paper
"In "The Republic", Socrates takes up a great deal of time drawing an analogy between the justice of the city and the justice of the individual person; in the end, as our notes indicate, they conclude that justice entails the having and the doing of one's own and what belongs to oneself - a conclusion they find lacking but the best one available. In any event, these men are striving to determine the nature and constitution of the individual soul and its educational requirements. With that in mind, the next few pages will look at the strengths and limitations of the..."

Tags:education, justice, individual

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth explanation of the differences between international criminal justice and comparative criminal justice. The paper gives salient examples of the differences in the approach of both systems, with an emphasis on crime versus the improvement of criminal justice systems across boundaries.

From the Paper
"The criminal justice system consists of those agencies, courts tribunals, and so forth that deal with criminal law and its enforcement in the various countries of the world. (Barak) Criminal justice systems can be studied in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to look at the differences in two approaches to criminal justice systems, namely the comparative criminal justice approach and the international criminal justice approach. According to Terrill the field of comparative criminal justice and law..."

Tags:comparative criminal justice, international

Abstract
This paper explores the history of the juvenile justice system, dating back to the 1820s and until the present. The juvenile justice system in dealing with juvenile offenders has cyclically gone from a rehabilitative approach to a punitive approach a number of times since its inception. The writer of this paper contends that in certain cases juvenile criminals should be treated differently than adults who commit the same crimes and supports this claim by detailing eight possible justifications. One justification is that adults are responsible for their acts, whereas juveniles are not. Another justification is that juveniles are more pliable than adults and respond better to treatment and rehabilitation.
This paper also details various research which examines the history of the juvenile justice system from 1820 which found that when juvenile crime is determined to be high, the justice system responds with severe punishments and few rehabilitative approaches. This paper also discusses the current approach to the juvenile justice system and questions its effectiveness in dealing with juvenile offenders.

From the Paper
"What the models or approaches have neglected up to this point is the importance of the victim and the community, accountability of the offender, and competency development. So far there has been the debate between punishment versus treatment as options, but both have negative side effects and essentially ignore everything else. The need for retribution may be satisfied by punishment, but the offender can be negatively affected. Punishment can undermine self-restraint, stigmatizes the offender and creates problems of adjustment, which encourages delinquency, to name a couple, but it also encourages offenders to focus on themselves, not the victim and their responsibility."

Tags:youth, crime, law, legal, justice, system, court, rights

Abstract
This paper describes how restorative justice could be used in the juvenile justice system. It then examines why juveniles have more contact with police than white juveniles, and why juveniles of color are treated more harshly by the juvenile justice system than white juveniles.

From the Paper
"Restorative justice aims to make the offenders aware of the harm their actions have caused and have them make amends to the victims and the community. (Godwin) While making restoration for their actions, the offenders build on their strengths and increase their competencies. Restorative justice gives victims a role in the justice process. It fits well into the juvenile justice system because it is an opportunity to make juvenile delinquents responsible for their actions rather than just locking them away as punishment. If they are made to see..."

Tags:juveniles, color, discrimination, restorative justice, police

Abstract
The paper explores human rights and equality legislation, sentencing options and the key principles of restorative justice. The paper explains how the conceptions of social and criminal justice differ in the way they conceptualise both the criminal and the crime. The paper then shows how in its present form, therefore, the legal system has largely negative consequences on the establishment and maintenance of social justice. The paper also points out, however, the many possibilities for allowing social justice to flourish.

From the Paper
"The purpose of the legal system is to effectively administer the national law. Due to its very nature, the law aims to avoid ambiguity and thus offer a clear and set collection of rules and codes that are capable of universal enforcement. Although for decades there have been protracted attempts to include the ethos of social justice within this legal framework, the two concepts have often come into conflict with one another. The basis of social justice is that all aspects of society afford just and fair treatment for all, including that beyond the auspices of the law (Jordon, 1990) As such, the idea of social justice is capable of transmission to areas unavailable to the law."

Tags:human, rights, equality, legislation, sentencing, restorative, justice, social, work

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the key arguments in the debate currently going on in Britain over whether or not to replace its adversarial system of justice and replace it with the inquisitorial system of justice now used in the European Union. The paper begins by defining both the adversarial and inquisitorial systems of justice. It then presents arguments in support of the Inquisitorial Model including that the system promotes equality; decreases miscarriages of justice; seeks to find the truth; argues that the judges in the adversarial system are poorly trained while its judges are chosen on merit. The author then presents their arguments against the use of the Inquisitorial Model and makes the following points about the inquisitorial system including that it ignores human dignity; that it will cause false imprisonment; argues that the European Union will be allowed to prosecute British Citizens and will therefore render British Law powerless; argues that it will lead to the destruction of the Magna Carta and finally, argues that the system can be costly. The author then presents a final evaluation of the materials presented and details their own conclusions as to which system is better suited for use in Britain.

From the Paper
"Opponents of implementing the inquisitorial system argue the efficacy of the adversarial system. These opponents note that there are clear advantages to the current British system which include. The right of Habeas Corpus (that the accused must be taken to a public court within a very short period of time, usually 24 hours, and the accusers must produce their evidence then and there. The right to Trial by Jury at which jurors can in fact even disregard the law if they think it would give an unjust conviction. The jurors are thus 'sovereign'. If found innocent, the accused cannot be tried again on the same charge. (Corpus Juris and the Effect on British Common Law Rights)"

Tags:magna, carta, britain, european, union, adversarial, justice, criminal, evidence, countries, judge, procedure, evidence, parties, language, communities, power, role, miscarriages, wealthy, misdirection, trial, senstational, media, truth, falsification, merit, dignity, human, victims

Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.

Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."

Tags:criminal, justice, crime, punishment, behaviors