Abstract This paper explains that, by the time of the Great Depression, paralytic poliomyelitis was one of the most feared diseases known, much as with AIDS today. The author points out that the success of the March of Dimes is greater than other health campaign, such as the Christmas Seals. The March of Dimes as a symbol was well-known and widely accepted as the mechanical means through which the public could support campaigns. The paper relates that, after the defeat of polio by the Salk vaccine, the March of Dimes was redirected to other health problems, such as stem cell research.
From the Paper "Alarmed by decades of worsening polio epidemics and the devastating toll it was taking on America's young people, Roosevelt, established the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis in January 1938, emphasizing the nationwide significance and non-partisan character of the polio crusade. Believing that the war on polio should be led and directed by one national body, yet, as a private organization without access to government funds, Roosevelt realized that a new approach to fundraising would be needed. It was clear that the Birthday Balls would be insufficient to finance the Foundation and its work, since they rarely raised more than a million dollars a year, with over half remaining in the communities in which it was raised and the rest applied to financing the Warm Springs operation."
Abstract This paper explores the third chapter of Desmond Morris', "The Naked Ape," as it relates to the development of human children. It discusses the content of the chapter under discussion and describes Morris' view on imprinting. The paper compares Morris' view with that of L. Salk and his strong case for imprinting. It concludes that these individuals are very similar, but their methods differ.
From the Paper "In the end, Desmond Morris relies heavily upon the work of Salk in the third chapter of his book. Instinctively, I am inclined to think that Morris is correct in dismissing left-handed cradling; I am also inclined to think that the matter is more complicated than he acknowledges - especially given the findings of later research. Fundamentally, I prefer Salk's findings to Morris' simple regurgitation of them; by engaging in original research, Salk gives his conclusions an authenticity that Morris does not. Furthermore, Morris' refusal to cite studies supporting the arguments of critics insisting that left-handed cradling is caused by "right-handedness" in society leaves the reader with the impression that he erected a "straw-man" so that his own argument would be strengthened."
A review of "What Patients Really Want from their Nurses" by R. Messner, "Patient-Centered Teaching from Theory to Practice" by M. Hansen and J. Fisher and "The Patient-Focused Care Journey: Where Patients and Families Guide the Way" by C. Jonas-Simpson.
Abstract This paper discusses three articles that relate to communication and dialogues between nurses and their patients. It analyzes "What Patients Really Want from their Nurses" by R. Messner, "Patient-Centered Teaching from Theory to Practice" by M. Hansen and J. Fisher and "The Patient-Focused Care Journey: Where Patients and Families Guide the Way" by C. Jonas-Simpson. The paper then critiques three dialogues according to the articles and finally presents three example dialogues with a patient.
Table of Contents:
Exploration of the Three Articles
Analysis/Critique of Participation in Dialogue 1
Critical Reflection on Dialogue 2
Critical Reflection on Dialogue 3
Critical Reflection on All Dialogues
Example Dialogue
Dialogue 2
Dialogue 3
From the Paper " My first concern in the dialogues was to have the patient as the focus of care. Just as important is to focus only on the patient's perspective and on their concerns and needs. For example, in the first dialogue, Mrs. B is confronted with what could be a life or death situation. Even though there is a possibility that the outcome will be tolerable for this patient, her level of anxiety was too intense as to be unbearable at times for her. No matter what the level of concern and need, each patient must be treated as a unique individual and all concerns have to be treated in the same way (Messner, 1993). In the case of Mr. M, I wanted to ensure that patient centered teaching was taking place. Patient-centered teaching makes use of "theoretical principles and strategies that can help you put the patient back at the center and improve education encounters" (Hansen & Fisher, 1998, p. 56). In the case of Mrs. S, while there were no means to relieve her arthritic pain, she was helped immensely by knowing that another person was interested in her and was willing to listen."
Abstract This book review examines the way in which humans try to create utopian communities when they realize how imperfect their world is. Through the central character, a twelve year old boy named Jonas, Lowry explores the deep human questions as he discovers feeling, memory, pain and sorrow. According to the writer of this paper, when Jonas flees with Gabriel, Lowry is saying that whatever suffering they may face is worth the pain it might take to be real people in a real world.
From the Paper "With the deceptively simple first sentence Lowry places her hero center stage: It was almost December, and Jonas was beginning to be frightened (Giver 1). With these words Lowry sets the mood and direction of her story, foreshadows its outcome, and plants an irresistible narrative pull (Campbell 717). Heading into the season of winter darkness, young Jonas takes on a frightening quest. In using the name Jonas, evocative of the biblical Jonah . . .sent by God to cry against the wickedness of Nineveh, an unwilling lone messenger with a mission that will be received with hostility (Campbell 717) Lowry quickly tunes the reader in to her fantasy world."
Covers period 1945-1970. Brief history of the disease, 1950 Polio epidemic. Focus on polio victims & their survivors; search for a cure; research; vaccine development, Drs. Salk & Sabin.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 16 sources, 2001, $ 135.95
From the Paper "This research paper presents the topic of polio and its effect on the United States from 1945 to 1970. Included in the discussion are the events that led to the polio outbreak in the 1940s, what happened to the victims and those surrounding the victims, and the "race" for the cure of polio.
"1945 Polio Outbreak
"Polioviruses are believed to have been widely circulated prior to the 18th century. It is postulated that initial infections took place in early infancy, when maternal antibodies transplacentally acquired, were at there highest. Lifelong exposure then provided continual boosting of immunity and paralytic infections were found to be rare."
This paper examines how the combination of cultural and technological factors caused the near eradication world-wide of the ravaging disease polio, which is short for poliomyelitis and often referred to as infantile paralysis.
Abstract This paper explains that polio has become an almost forgotten disease; and, yet, only fifty years ago, polio was perceived as one of the most feared and dehabilitating infectious diseases. The author points out that the technologies of polio vaccines and of production and distribution channels, as well as social organizations, such as the World Health Organization and Rotary International, have played major roles in the eradication of polio. The paper relates that, although it is estimated that by 2008 polio will officially become eradicated on a global scale, several barriers, such as access and communications, still exist especially in the two trouble areas of sub-continental India and Nigeria.
From the Paper "In the 1950s, the United States experienced a polio epidemic and millions of dollars were spent on researching and marketing a vaccine. Through several trial and errors stages, the most effective form of polio vaccination was produced by Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh. The current oral vaccine used by the vast majority of the world was developed by Albert Sabin. This technology provided a simple method of producing the vaccine as well as prescribing it to children everywhere. The technology developed by Salk is the one used for mass inoculation in the modern era."
Abstract This paper concerns itself with applying Thomas H. Green's taxonomy of revolution leadership, "Comparative Revolutionary Movements" to two cases in a comparative manner: the enigmatic personas of Samora Machel and Sam Nujoma. The author provides extensive background information on the revolutions and revolutionaries in question. The paper discusses how Green sets out an analytical framework for comparing revolutions based on the comparison of leadership, support, ideology, organization, techniques and external support.
From the Paper:
"Revolution has pervaded the landscape of modern African history with a plethora of different examples. To be sure, from Algeria to Guinea Bissau, Angola to Mozambique and Zimbabwe to Namibia, Africa has seen her fair share of transformation-orientated uprising. Each of the myriad of African revolutions has their own story to tell regarding causes, characteristics and outcomes. This paper concerns itself with the characteristics of revolution. To be specific, the leaderships aspects of revolution. Now, African history is colored with many great revolutionaries: Hendrik Witbooi, Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe, Jonas Savimbi, Ben Bella, john Chilembwe and Bambatha all invoke in their own right memories of the some of the greatest African leaders of our time and that of the generations before us. It is important to understand the socio-psychology of this very unique type of leadership. To this end, we can employ the criterion of Thomas H Green, developed in his seminal work "Comparative Revolutionary Movements."
Abstract This paper traces the life of Hans Christian Anderson from the time of his birth in Odense, Denmark in 1805. It examines his education, his relationship with his parents and his writing career. The paper discusses Anderson's works, including his first novel, "The Improvisatore" and subsequent texts such as his famous fairy tales such ("The Princess on the Pea," "The Little Mermaid," "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Ugly Duckling" and others). The paper reflects on Andersen's important contribution to the world of children's literature.
From the Paper "An examination of the distinctive characteristics of his writing illuminates their enduring quality and his contribution to children's literature. One of the key characteristics, which makes Anderson's tales lively and interesting, is his use of the oral narrative. His tales often begin with a question that draws the readers or listeners into the story. By adopting the perspective of his characters, Andersen brings them alive, whether they are trees, trolls or sparrows. His vivid description of the Emperor's court in "The Nightingale" with its lavish and exotic objects evokes the mysterious and exotic quality of the Orient."
Abstract This paper takes examples from the "The Allegory of the Cave" and "The Giver" and demonstrates how the messages about truth contained within these writings apply to our world. Particular emphasis is placed on the relevance the messages have to the workings of our government and our economy. The paper demonstrates that, both in the stories and in politics, the truth is not always what it seems to be.
From the Paper "In Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" and "The Giver" by Lois Lowry, each author gives their own meaning to the blinding truth of the real world. These two authors convey a message in which they deliver the truth of the way life is. Taking these readings into our reality seems to work in many cases, such as government and economy. We can incorporate government and economy onto Plato's and Lois's ideology simply by turning over the truth of government and the truth of our economy, in which it is shielded and well preserved. "
Abstract In poetry, there are poets that reflect on their own exile, either introspectively from the world or physically from their home country, and poets who reflect on the state of exile in all the facets that it encompasses. The paper examines examples of poetry in exile by poets, such as Dylan Thomas, Sylvia Plath, Egypt's Naguib Surur, and Lithuanian Jonas Mekas.
From the Paper "In contrast, Palmer's work, "At Passages", also combines metaphors of character and setting and uses them to defy the intellectual reasoning a reader could strip a poem with, as is seen so many times. Plath's protagonist was Lady Lazarus, who in essence was the defining character of Plath's own suicide. She displayed the "beauty" of death and Plath's inner-most thoughts on death and suicide. In Palmer's works, the protagonist is the imagery that conjures up equally disturbing "truths" about death, and rebirth..."
