Abstract
The paper researches the history of the Jewish community in Medieval Europe, particularly in the areas dominated by the Christian rulers and the Church. The paper examines the discrimination and cruel prosecution of the Jews, and the reasons behind this persecution. The paper gives specific examples of their periodic persecution and also discusses their treatment by the Muslim rulers in Spain.

Table of Contents:
The Root Cause of the Bias Against Jews
Jews in the Early Middle Ages
(i) Jewish Community in the Iberian Peninsula
(ii) Money Lending Jews and Isolated Existence
(iii) Prosecution During Crusades
(iv) Later Middle Ages

From the Paper
"Although the Christian crusades in the Middle Ages were primarily directed against their arch enemies--the Muslims, they frequently degenerated into massacres of an easier target--the Jewish communities in Europe. For example, during the First Crusade in 1096 AD, the German crusaders on their way to the East, turned on the flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube and utterly destroyed them."

Tags:vatican, blood, libel, Visigothic, Iberia, anti-semitism

Abstract
The paper reviews Kenneth Stow's examination of Christian and Jewish coexistence in medieval Western Europe. The paper looks at how Stow addresses the causes and nature of Christian-Jewish alienation, including the roots of Christian bias towards the Jews, the consequences of Church doctrine upon secular law and politics, the causes of religious violence, and the uniqueness of Jewish cultural life. The paper opines that Stow achieves his thesis that the Jews were an alienated minority within Christian Europe throughout the medieval era.

From the Paper
"Christians and Jews have generally lived peacefully throughout American history, but the two religions experienced a dramatically different relationship in Europe. In the 1st Century, New Testament authors sought to separate Christianity from its Jewish roots by blaming Judaism for the failure of the messianic mission. When Constantine Christianized the Roman Empire in the 4th Century, he decreed that Judaism should be tolerated as an inferior religion and asserted prohibitions that alienated Christian and Jew.
"Kenneth Stow's examination of Christian and Jewish coexistence in medieval Western Europe surveys one thousand years - the Middle Ages - beginning in the 5th Century as Jewish life in the Holy Land essentially ceased, and as Western Europe became predominantly Christian. It is, the author asserts, a history that illuminates medieval history as a whole."

Tags:Christianity, Judaism, Church, Crusades, Inquisition

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the German social situation in Germany in the years 1945 to 1949. Of special note, the paper reviews the evident glee over the demise of the old Nazi and moneyed elite, the fanciful desire to "forget" the past, the unsettling persistence of racist attitudes (even if not as vehement as some might have feared), and the ideological and social divide between east and west which accompanied the partition of Germany by the occupying Allied powers. In the end, this paper argues that the German social situation in the late 1940s was one wherein the German people sought to escape the past but found that geopolitical encumbrances, old attitudes and a divided land made that impossible.

Tags:social, situation

Abstract
The paper argues that Germany's Jews may be about to see a return to the intolerance and viciousness of the middle-twentieth century. The paper discusses how while the Jewish community in Germany appears to be relatively more robust than it was even a few decades ago, many Jews seem fearful about a relapse of anti-Jewish violence and persecution. The paper also relates that the pretentious government policies in areas like immigration and education over the last number of years have been more cosmetic than substantive and reveal ( a cleverly-disguised anti-Semitism that belies any amount of public posturing. The paper considers the emerging evidence that Germans are growing tired of the "guilt complex" of the past and the steady rise of a Muslim population in the opening years of the twenty-first century and concludes that the prospects of renewed violence must not be lightly discounted.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look briefly at the subtle and not-so-subtle hostilities and threats that confront Jews in present-day Germany and argue that Germany's Jews may be about to see a return to the intolerance and viciousness of the middle-twentieth century. Specifically, while the Jewish community in Germany appears to be relatively more robust than it was even a few decades ago, many Jews seem fearful about a relapse of anti-Jewish violence and persecution; at the same time, a case can be made that the pretentious government policies in areas like immigration and education over the last number of years have been more cosmetic than..."

Tags:jews, germany, persecution

Abstract
A discussion of 19th century Socialism in Europe, firstby giving a brief background on the subject then highlighting the concept of socialism in France, Germany and England. It looks at the work of early socialists, the rise of socialism, and lastly socialism in France, Germany & Russia. It concludes with a look at the current state of socialism in the world.

Background
The Early Socialists in Europe
The Early Concept of Socialism in France, Germany and England
The Rise of Socialism
Socialism in France
Socialism and Austria
Socialism and Germany
Socialism in Russia
The Failure of the System
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"It was in the first half of the 19th Century when the working classes in the newly established industrializing countries, England and Germany undergo several forms of developments (Lemke, 1992). For instance, the old feudal limitations had been fixed peasants in place on the land as well as restricted their income further guaranteed a place for them in the world."

Tags:concept, early, england, france, germany, rise, russia, socialists

Abstract
This paper presents an overview on Germany's international trade activity. The paper maintains that Germany is one of the most powerful states in the world at the present time. It points out that due to its technologically powerful economy, Germany is the fifth largest economy in the world, and economic statistics show a maintaining similar position for the following years. The paper discusses Germany's trade relationships with the United states, as well as countries throughout Europe and Asia. The paper concludes that Germany's continuous modernization process ensures the country's success in international trade activity.

From the Paper
"However, Germany managed to make a comeback in 2006 due to implementing a series of labor market reforms. These reforms started to be implemented during the former government that was ruled by Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The implementation of these reforms continues during the current government ruled by Chancellor Angela Merkel, but they are supported by other reforms of measures initiated recently. As a consequence, 2006 brought a reduced budget deficit within the European Union's 3% debt limit. Unemployment was reduced to 7%. The overall economic growth in 2006 was of 2.2%."

Tags:economy, business, Europe

Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the cultures of Germany, Italy, and France and how they relate to what is going on today. It shows how Germany's militaristic background not only influenced its history, but also how life is done today, including culture, education, and business practices. The paper compares this attitude to Italy which has a distinct culture of "la dolce vita" or "the sweet life" which has had an impact on every aspect as well. It also discusses the great importance of family as well as the not so stable political system. France follows a very centralized control system, and how the relationship between schools, business, and government are all important in French business. The paper concludes by showing that the cultural patterns in Germany, Italy, and France are mostly based on the relationship between government and businesses.

From the Paper
"Germany's strong political economy has made it a great leader of the European Union. It has the highest per capita in Europe, and is also a technological leader specializing in engineering, manufacturing, and chemicals. Germany was once the fastest growing economy in the European Union, but their high quality products bring about problems with high product costs and slow increase in productivity, leading to the recent stagnant economy. Other attributes to the stagnation include a limitation in domestic competition, which lessens the need for innovation, reluctance to new technology because the workers must be retrained in these new technologies, and labor reforms, since companies do not fire, they are reluctant to hire. The military approach has had a great impact on Germany as seen through German history, which goes through cycles from fragmentation and poverty, to unity and prosperity, to war and defeat, and finally back to fragmentation. The country was at its best when united with the military, and the lesson learned from each of these cycles of history is that they have to be stronger next time."

Tags:business, culture, education, europe, european, french, german, government, italian

Abstract
This paper examines the current social, economic and cultural state of a United Germany. It looks at how the previously ultra nationalistic country has been used as an example by the EU to show that a country can maintain its own identity and still be part of a Greater Europe. Contemporary history of Germany is examined, since the collapse of the Berlin Wall until present.

From the Paper
"After the fall of Berlin Wall and the Unification of West Germany and East Germany, the United Germany due to its size and strength has often been perceived as the leader of the European Union. This situation and perception worries and annoys the other European Union members because of the German reputation in the past, in the World War. This problem which is often called the "German Problem" and as European members try not to hold past against Germany to such degree that it damages integration. The problem of European Security was the major concern and an essential determinant in all proposals and considerations on Germany's European integration. The image of Germany in the past was also a major consideration and its neighbors knew that a united Germany would emerge at some stage in the postwar developments, despite the fact that they would have prefer the partition to remain in post war Europe."

Tags:belin, wall, nazi, history, europe, postwar, international, trade

Abstract
This essays charts the emergence of 'public opinion' as a political force in Europe, through newspaper readership, books, pamphlets, and improved transport, with particular reference to Britain, France and Germany. It shows the liberalizing effect this had on the monarchy, as they slowly became answerable to their own people.

From the Paper
"Pre-eighteenth century traditional monarchies in Europe expected to be able to rule over their people without being questioned or without providing explanation for their policies. Opposition was in the form of rival families in the aristocracy, and battles were fought on the grounds of religion, land and power. Little relevance was given to political and social issues, neither by the ruling classes nor the people they ruled over."

Tags:bourgeois, britain, europe, france, french, germany, kant, monarch, news, opinion, press, public, revolution

Abstract
The paper discusses how what was formerly West Germany, now part of the re-unified Germany, achieved a major period of development after World War II to become the economic powerhouse in Europe. The paper relates that Germany prior to that was unified first in the nineteenth century and would then fight two World Wars in the twentieth century, losing both. The paper further relates that after the First World War, the victorious Allies sought both to punish Germany and to assure that Germany would not be able to attack her neighbors again, but the effort failed and in fact backfired, giving Germany more reason to try to reassert her power. The paper discusses how after World War II, the victors handled the situation differently, dividing Germany in two and imposing various means of monitoring the situation.

From the Paper
"What was formerly West Germany, now part of the re-unified Germany, achieved a major period of development after World War II to become the economic powerhouse in Europe. Germany prior to that was unified first in the nineteenth century and would then fight two World Wars in the twentieth century, losing both. After the First World War, the victorious Allies sought both to punish Germany and to assure that Germany would not be able to attack her neighbors again. The effort failed and in fact backfired, giving Germany more reason to try to reassert her power. After World War II, the victors handled the situation differently, dividing..."

Tags:germany, economics, politics