Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the ways military powers, policies and other elements have affected the city of Jerusalem. The writer details several elements of military impact on the city and illustrates the way it changes the city and the urban policy within the city. The author gives a historical overview of the sequence of events from 1917 up till today that led to the situation in Jerusalem today. It details the history of both sides- the Palestinians and the Israelis. The paper gives the historical background of the Palestinian resistance as well as the history of the establishment of the State of Israel. It also gives a detailed account of The Peace Process and the events that led up to it. It also gives a religious overview, referring to the three major religions and their connection to Jerusalem.

From the Paper
"As the world watched in horror on September 11 the United States was attacked. We were disgusted, we were frightened and we were angered beyond control. This sort of thing just isn't supposed to happen here. It also provided a wake up call to the plight of other nations who undergo violent attacks on a regular basis. The city of Jerusalem is an illustrative example of what can happen when both sides are willing to give up and neither side can really win. We have watched for decades as the factions in Jerusalem continue to fight and at this point it appears it may never end. The military, its actions and the policy that has been shaped by it have had an undeniable impact on the city of Jerusalem."

Tags:Jerusalem, September, 11, military, Israel, Arabs, Palestinian, conflict, United, States

Abstract
This paper discusses how there have been thousands of excellent book, journal and article sources that have examined and analyzed the fall of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile, for this was a profoundly important period in human history and has been the subject of extended study by scholars and historians for more than two-thousand years. This paper researches three especially impressive sources because they are considered by most historians and biblical scholars to be among the most definitive, illuminating, and comprehensive accounts of Jerusalem's fall and the subsequent exile of the Jewish people to Babylon.

Tags:fall, of, jerusalem

Abstract
This paper is about he life of the once Bishop of Jerusalem and Doctor of the Church, St. Cyril who was born around 315 A.D. and died on March 18, 386. It details his controversial life in the Church, his elevation to bishop and his rule in Jerusalem and the contributions he made during his lifetime.

From the Paper
"Cyril's life in the Church was controversial. He was bishop for thirty-five years, and many of those years were spent in exile. There are many historians who question if he was a bishop. We know for certain he was ordained as priest by St. Maximus who "gave him the important charge of instructing and preparing the candidates for catechumens" (Shea, 1894). Cyril performed these duties for several years. In fact, many of his catechetical lectures are still available today, written down by someone in the congregation: "When speaking of so many mysteries, Cyril anticipated the question, " But some one will say, If the Divine substance is incomprehensible, why then do you discourse of these things? So then, because I cannot drink up all the river, am I not even to take in moderation what is expedient for me?"

Tags:church, jerusalem, bishop, controversial, bishop, doctor, rule, lectures, congregation, emperor, cross, arcacius, caesara, palestine, jurisdiction, constantinople, second, council, temple, jewish, persians, war, priest

Abstract
This paper discusses how "From Beirut to Jerusalem" chronicles Thomas L. Friedman's experiences as a reporter covering the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). It examines how, written as a means of enabling the public to understand the intricacies and complexities of the Middle East, the book documents Friedman's journey from a Jewish teenager in Minnesota to an awestruck journalist in Beirut to a grizzled Middle East observer in Jerusalem. The writer explains how Friedman's work details and discusses the way in which the past stultifies the present and confuses the future. As such, the paper reviews "From Beirut to Jerusalem" by reflecting on its content and the important message it communicates to a watching world.

Outline:
Introduction
Reporting from the Land of Milk and Honey
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Friedman's accounts of daily life in war-torn Lebanon facilities a better understanding or what it means to be surrounded by violence and bloodshed each and every day. His vignettes, for example, exquisitely capture the bizarre, often contradictive existence in which the absurd plays such a significant role. He describes the way in which fighting tends to be restricted to certain areas at specific times, thus meaning that pedestrians will witness a terrifying gun battle on one street while shoppers browse the market stalls just around the corner. As such, the continuing presence of violence seems to have become the norm, as seen by the way in which the most frequently asked question following a vehicle bombing is not "How many were killed?" or "Who were responsible?", but "What did it do to the dollar rate?" Similarly, the question "How is it outside?" does not refer to the weather, as one would naturally assume, but the security conditions on the streets (Friedman, 1990). "

Tags:Lebanese, Civil, war, Middle, East, terrorism, six-day, war

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes the recent conflict between Israelis and the Arab community in Jerusalem. The paper is based on the events described in "Dividing Jerusalem, one wall at the time" a newspaper article by Bradley Burston published on November 19 2008 in haaretz.com. The paper explains that the source of the conflict, as can be understood from the article, is the decision of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights organization with its center in Los Angeles, to construct the Museum of Tolerance and Center for Human Dignity in Jerusalem. The paper shows how this conflict surpasses the issues that are arising from the every- day political issues and becomes a socio-cultural conflict between Jews and Arabs in Israel.

From the Paper
"This paper will describe and analyze the recent conflict between Israelis and the Arab community in Jerusalem. The paper will be based on the events described in "Dividing Jerusalem, one wall at the time" a newspaper article by Bradley Burston published on November 19 2008 in haaretz.com. The source of the conflict, as can be understood from the article, is the decision of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights organization with its center in Los Angeles, to construct the Museum of Tolerance and Center for Human Dignity in Jerusalem. This conflict, as it will be shown, surpasses the issues that are arising from..."

Tags:israel, controversy, museum of tolerance

Abstract
This essay first demonstrates that prophetic descriptions of the ideal forms of the Temple in Jerusalem and Jerusalem itself are at the same time mysterious and concretely detailed. The paper then presents the argument that the mystery and detail of these images are not mutually exclusive; rather, they work together to make the ideas both sacred and mysterious and practically directive

From the Paper
"An important distinction between the promise of a heavenly Jerusalem and the prophecy of an ideal temple is that, in the case of the Temple, the structure must be built before God's glory (i.e., holiness) will enter it. Jerusalem, on the other hand, must become holy, changing its sinful ways upon total destruction, before the ideal Jerusalem can be actualized. Despite this important difference, however, both are closely associated with an enhanced future holiness."

Tags:sacred mysterious rebuild, mundane features, themes

Abstract
The decision taken by the Council at Jerusalem was one of the most significant decisions by the early church, thus resulting in the emergence of current Christian doctrine and beliefs. The early church was facing a serious crisis: Could Gentile believers be accepted by God without being circumcised and following the Law of Moses? The paper examines the Council at Jerusalem in its religious and historical aspects, including a review of biblical scriptures that where influential in the council's deliberations and discusses factors contributing to the council's decisions and their impact on the development of Christianity.

Outline:
Introduction
An Historical Perspective
The Use of the Old Testament in Acts 15:16-18
The Result of James's Use of Amos 9:11-12
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Approximately 4000 years ago, however, God introduced a new phase into his redemptive plan for humanity. In Genesis 12, God called Abram (later Abraham), to leave his homeland, his father's family, and to go the place that God would show him. Abraham obeyed God, taking his household, and traveling to the place that God showed him, where the Abrahamic Covenant was initiated (Genesis 12). Today, therefore, millions of individuals claim Abraham as their spiritual father. He is seen as an important figure within Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, who have all based part of their religion on the Abrahamic Covenant and its promises. This is because when God initiated the covenant, he never stated that only Abraham's direct descendents would be blessed. Instead, God established the covenant as the first step of a far larger plan, which would include all nations. This would lead to the all-encompassing covenant of Jesus the Christ, and thus enable the salvation of all those who held on to the covenant promises (Gen. 12:1-3; Abr. 2:8-11; John 8:33, 37, 39; Rom. 9:6-8; Gal. 3:7-9, 26-29)."

Tags:luke, paul, jesus, gospel, jewish, moses, faith, church, promises, apostles, god, israel, gentile

Abstract
The paper researches the origin and meaning of the seven gates of Jerusalem that are still in use, namely, the Damascus Gate, the Dung Gate, Zion Gate, Lion's Gate, Jaffa Gate, Gate of Flowers and the New Gate. The paper focuses on when the various gates were built and the historical significance of the gates and thus demonstrates that the history of the seven gates of Jerusalem is meaningful to the ancient city.

Outline:
Introduction
History of the seven gates
Damascus Gate
Dung Gate
Zion Gate
Lion's Gate (St. Stephen's Gate/Gate of the Pillar)
Jaffa Gate (Hebron Gate)
Herod's Gate (Gate of Flowers)
New Gate

From the Paper
"There were originally 11 gates of Jerusalem at the current time only seven of these gates are in use. The gates were built. The names of the seven gates that are still in use are the Damascus Gate, the dung Gate, Zion Gate, Lion's gate, Jaffa Gate, Gate of Flowers and the New Gate. The remaining four gates that are closed includes the Golden gate, the single gate, the double gate and the Huldah gate. For the purposes of the discussion we will focus on the seven gates that are still open.
"To better understand the location of the gates it is essential to know that Jerusalem is divided into four main quarters the Armenian quarter, the Jewish quarter, the Muslim quarter and the Christian quarter."

Tags:Damascus, Dung, Zion, Lion, Jaffa, Flowers, New, Gate

Abstract
This paper discusses the economics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Latin Kingdom founded in 1099 as the result of Crusades to the Middle East. It describes the organization, history and geography of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and how these affected the Kingdom's economy. It then discusses the role of the King within the Kingdom and his effect on the economy. The paper also describes the minor role that agriculture had in its economic structure.

From the Paper
"The organizational factors leading to the Kingdom of Jerusalem therefore played a key role in the economy. Because of its Latin and Christian roots, for instance, Italian merchants were given favorable terms of trade and came to dominate the economy and the trade which was predominant in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Also, because of the lack of land and the unwillingness for the Nobles to maximize the potential of the land, instead relying on Muslim traditions and European feudal models, agriculture was not as prominent. Because a large mercenary military was needed for protection, there was therefore a need for a great deal of tribute and taxation to hire and fund the military aspects of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Despite these factors which would contribute to a weaker economy, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was in a tenuous economic position but was able to prosper, especially in the 12th century, as a result of the trade and the realization of the potential of trading in the Middle East. This meant riches for the merchants, colonizers, Europeans, and nobles who could not only tax those from other places, but bring in new and valuable products to Europe. Thus trade was improved greatly between Europe and the East and the Kingdom of Jerusalem brought much of the Middle East and even China into a commercial relationship with Europe in which the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the European kingdoms also benefited."

Tags:Latin, agriculture, trade

Abstract
In this setting, Tibble shows how much political power and influence the Knights Templar and the Knights of St. John had in shaping the layout of the kingdom. Compared to these emerging powers, the secular authority was slowing diminishing. Tibble's "Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" is ultimately about the emergence of this power struggle between military and secular powers and, in this, he brings an original interpretation of the dynamics of this complex transferal of authority.