Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of the ways military powers, policies and other elements have affected the city of Jerusalem. The writer details several elements of military impact on the city and illustrates the way it changes the city and the urban policy within the city. The author gives a historical overview of the sequence of events from 1917 up till today that led to the situation in Jerusalem today. It details the history of both sides- the Palestinians and the Israelis. The paper gives the historical background of the Palestinian resistance as well as the history of the establishment of the State of Israel. It also gives a detailed account of The Peace Process and the events that led up to it. It also gives a religious overview, referring to the three major religions and their connection to Jerusalem.
From the Paper "As the world watched in horror on September 11 the United States was attacked. We were disgusted, we were frightened and we were angered beyond control. This sort of thing just isn?t supposed to happen here. It also provided a wake up call to the plight of other nations who undergo violent attacks on a regular basis. The city of Jerusalem is an illustrative example of what can happen when both sides are willing to give up and neither side can really win. We have watched for decades as the factions in Jerusalem continue to fight and at this point it appears it may never end. The military, its actions and the policy that has been shaped by it have had an undeniable impact on the city of Jerusalem."
Tags:Jerusalem, September, 11, military, Israel, Arabs, Palestinian, conflict, United, States
Abstract This paper is about he life of the once Bishop of Jerusalem and Doctor of the Church, St. Cyril who was born around 315 A.D. and died on March 18, 386. It details his controversial life in the Church, his elevation to bishop and his rule in Jerusalem and the contributions he made during his lifetime.
From the Paper "Cyril's life in the Church was controversial. He was bishop for thirty-five years, and many of those years were spent in exile. There are many historians who question if he was a bishop. We know for certain he was ordained as priest by St. Maximus who "gave him the important charge of instructing and preparing the candidates for catechumens" (Shea, 1894). Cyril performed these duties for several years. In fact, many of his catechetical lectures are still available today, written down by someone in the congregation: ?When speaking of so many mysteries, Cyril anticipated the question, "But some one will say, If the Divine substance is incomprehensible, why then do you discourse of these things" So then, because I cannot drink up all the river, am I not even to take in moderation what is expedient for me?"
Abstract This paper discusses how there have been thousands of excellent book, journal and article sources that have examined and analyzed the fall of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile, for this was a profoundly important period in human history and has been the subject of extended study by scholars and historians for more than two-thousand years. This paper researches three especially impressive sources because they are considered by most historians and biblical scholars to be among the most definitive, illuminating, and comprehensive accounts of Jerusalem's fall and the subsequent exile of the Jewish people to Babylon.
Abstract This essay first demonstrates that prophetic descriptions of the ideal forms of the Temple in Jerusalem and Jerusalem itself are at the same time mysterious and concretely detailed. The paper then presents the argument that the mystery and detail of these images are not mutually exclusive; rather, they work together to make the ideas both sacred and mysterious and practically directive
From the Paper "An important distinction between the promise of a heavenly Jerusalem and the prophecy of an ideal temple is that, in the case of the Temple, the structure must be built before God's glory (i.e., holiness) will enter it. Jerusalem, on the other hand, must become holy, changing its sinful ways upon total destruction, before the ideal Jerusalem can be actualized. Despite this important difference, however, both are closely associated with an enhanced future holiness."
This in-depth paper examines the attitudes of the Jewish people and Judaism in general, prior to Christ's arrival in Jerusalem and up to the crucifixion.
Abstract This well-researched paper explores the community, culture and attitudes of the Jews of Jerusalem prior to Jesus Christ's arrival. This paper focuses on the ruling body of Jewish life, the Sanhedrin, who were the high priests that backed the city authorities in devising and enforcing ordinances to cover the operations of agricultural, mercantile and other trades. The Sanhedrin were considered the finest minds of Palestine, the people looked to them for leadership against the Romans and the impending arrival of the messiah. It was into this atmosphere that Jesus entered Jerusalem presenting himself as the messiah. This paper details the historic events leading up to the crucifixion.
From the Paper "The people looked to Caiphas for guidance, but he was influenced by his own ambition. Thus, when Jesus Christ was turned over to the Sanhedrin, who had been hurriedly summoned for trial, he spoke very few words. In the Gospel of Mark, when Pontius Pilate had asked him if he was indeed king of the Jews, he answered, "It is as you say." Scholars believe that Christ was asking if Pilate were accusing him or if he had heard the claim from others. Pilate, after washing his hands of the whole affair, turned him over to the Sanhedrin, and the members of the high court began to accuse him. In keeping with Judaic law, he remained silent, since the court was not supposed to question the accused but those who witnessed the actions for which he was being tried."
Abstract This paper discusses the economics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Latin Kingdom founded in 1099 as the result of Crusades to the Middle East. It describes the organization, history and geography of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and how these affected the Kingdom's economy. It then discusses the role of the King within the Kingdom and his effect on the economy. The paper also describes the minor role that agriculture had in its economic structure.
From the Paper "The organizational factors leading to the Kingdom of Jerusalem therefore played a key role in the economy. Because of its Latin and Christian roots, for instance, Italian merchants were given favorable terms of trade and came to dominate the economy and the trade which was predominant in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Also, because of the lack of land and the unwillingness for the Nobles to maximize the potential of the land, instead relying on Muslim traditions and European feudal models, agriculture was not as prominent. Because a large mercenary military was needed for protection, there was therefore a need for a great deal of tribute and taxation to hire and fund the military aspects of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Despite these factors which would contribute to a weaker economy, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was in a tenuous economic position but was able to prosper, especially in the 12th century, as a result of the trade and the realization of the potential of trading in the Middle East. This meant riches for the merchants, colonizers, Europeans, and nobles who could not only tax those from other places, but bring in new and valuable products to Europe. Thus trade was improved greatly between Europe and the East and the Kingdom of Jerusalem brought much of the Middle East and even China into a commercial relationship with Europe in which the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the European kingdoms also benefited."
Abstract The paper researches the origin and meaning of the seven gates of Jerusalem that are still in use, namely, the Damascus Gate, the Dung Gate, Zion Gate, Lion's Gate, Jaffa Gate, Gate of Flowers and the New Gate. The paper focuses on when the various gates were built and the historical significance of the gates and thus demonstrates that the history of the seven gates of Jerusalem is meaningful to the ancient city.
Outline:
Introduction
History of the seven gates
Damascus Gate
Dung Gate
Zion Gate
Lion's Gate (St. Stephen's Gate/Gate of the Pillar)
Jaffa Gate (Hebron Gate)
Herod's Gate (Gate of Flowers)
New Gate
From the Paper "There were originally 11 gates of Jerusalem at the current time only seven of these gates are in use. The gates were built. The names of the seven gates that are still in use are the Damascus Gate, the dung Gate, Zion Gate, Lion's gate, Jaffa Gate, Gate of Flowers and the New Gate. The remaining four gates that are closed includes the Golden gate, the single gate, the double gate and the Huldah gate. For the purposes of the discussion we will focus on the seven gates that are still open.
"To better understand the location of the gates it is essential to know that Jerusalem is divided into four main quarters the Armenian quarter, the Jewish quarter, the Muslim quarter and the Christian quarter."
Tags: Damascus, Dung, Zion, Lion, Jaffa, Flowers, New, Gate
Abstract The decision taken by the Council at Jerusalem was one of the most significant decisions by the early church, thus resulting in the emergence of current Christian doctrine and beliefs. The early church was facing a serious crisis: Could Gentile believers be accepted by God without being circumcised and following the Law of Moses? The paper examines the Council at Jerusalem in its religious and historical aspects, including a review of biblical scriptures that where influential in the council's deliberations and discusses factors contributing to the council's decisions and their impact on the development of Christianity.
Outline:
Introduction
An Historical Perspective
The Use of the Old Testament in Acts 15:16-18
The Result of James's Use of Amos 9:11-12
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Approximately 4000 years ago, however, God introduced a new phase into his redemptive plan for humanity. In Genesis 12, God called Abram (later Abraham), to leave his homeland, his father's family, and to go the place that God would show him. Abraham obeyed God, taking his household, and traveling to the place that God showed him, where the Abrahamic Covenant was initiated (Genesis 12). Today, therefore, millions of individuals claim Abraham as their spiritual father. He is seen as an important figure within Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, who have all based part of their religion on the Abrahamic Covenant and its promises. This is because when God initiated the covenant, he never stated that only Abraham's direct descendents would be blessed. Instead, God established the covenant as the first step of a far larger plan, which would include all nations. This would lead to the all-encompassing covenant of Jesus the Christ, and thus enable the salvation of all those who held on to the covenant promises (Gen. 12:1-3; Abr. 2:8-11; John 8:33, 37, 39; Rom. 9:6-8; Gal. 3:7-9, 26-29)."
Abstract In this setting, Tibble shows how much political power and influence the Knights Templar and the Knights of St. John had in shaping the layout of the kingdom. Compared to these emerging powers, the secular authority was slowing diminishing. Tibble's "Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" is ultimately about the emergence of this power struggle between military and secular powers and, in this, he brings an original interpretation of the dynamics of this complex transferal of authority.
Abstract This paper presents two different interpretations of William Blake's theory of the self as expressed in "Jerusalem: the Emanation of the Giant Albion." The author analyzes the place of the Spectre and the Emanation in this work from psychological and spiritual/religious points of view.
Abstract This seven-page paper summarizes the fundamental parts of the book as well as critically analysis "From Beirut to Jerusalem" by Thomas L. Friedman.
Abstract This paper discusses the book, "From Beirut to Jerusalem", which was written by Thomas Friedman long before today's current climate of heightened awareness of terrorism's impact upon the West. The paper contends that the book functions more as a snapshot of history than as a living picture of today's current events and concerns. The paper explores the political rubric and analysis applied by the author to the civil war in Beirut that was transpiring all around him, even infiltrating his own hotel at some points, claiming that it remains compelling from a political, as well as a human, narrative point of view.
From the Paper "Thomas Friedman's From Beirut to Jerusalem was written in 1989, after the author's tenure as the New York Times correspondent in Beirut. He was the first Jewish correspondent to the region, and it was considered, at the time, a daring act for this paper to engage in such a ?statement.? Friedman's balanced and personally revealing, soul-searching analysis in this text is a testimony to the fact that, no matter how much criticism has been leveled at this paper by other aspects of the media since, the New York Times certainly made the right decision in picky Friedman to ask the needed, probing questions about the violence transpiring in the region at the time. He emerges as both unbiased and likeable in his self-presentation."
This paper reviews political theorist Hannah Arendt's book "Eichmann in Jerusalem", which is based on the trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann in Israel in 1961.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 36.95
Abstract This paper explains that Hannah Arendt's "Eichmann in Jerusalem" follows the trial chronologically, dealing primarily with the trial, Eichmann as a person and especially the treatment of Jews to "solve" the Jew issue in Germany during the rule of Hitler. The author points out that Arendt asserts that the primary driving force of Adolf Eichmann, who had no personal hatred against Jews, was his wish for a career in the Third Reich; therefore, on this premise, Arendt suggests that a holocaust such as the one in Germany could have happened anywhere, and could happen again. The paper relates that the subtitle of the book, "A Report on the Banality of Evil", gives the reader an interesting idea that Arendt's view of evil is banality, which can be prevented by rational thought.
From the Paper "Of particular interest is the section dealing with Eichmann's personality. What makes this interesting is that Hannah Arendt does not assume the role of psychoanalyst when writing about him. She merely presents him as he is through his actions and his words. Thus, the reader is introduced to an unexceptional man who willingly became involved in the merciless killing of millions. It is similarly interesting and also horrifying to note that even while on trial, Eichman showed absolutely no remorse for his actions. His main regret is his inability to further his Third Reich career."
Abstract This paper discusses how little is known about Jewish life under Persian rule. While Babylon had one of the highest populations of Jewish communities in the world during this time, the significance of Jerusalem resulted, as it always would, because of the Temple. It explains that, during the period 450 BCE, however, a glimpse of the state of Jewish life within Jerusalem and the surrounding area and the reformational atmosphere experienced during that time is given by the events surrounding the return of Ezra.
From the Paper "Of course this, rather harsh requirement points to two aspects of the Jewish life and collective psyche in the area at the time. For, although such a command may seem harsh, it is nonetheless reflective of the imperiled and challenged state of Jewish society during the time. After all, following such a harsh and long exile, there could be little tolerance for assimilation or laxity in Judaic religious practices or ritual. For those like Ezra, such a situation threatened the very survival of the nation and faith itself. However, in addition to the idea of the "imperiled nation" embedded in the Jewish psyche during the time (and, perhaps during modern time as well), it also pointed to the lax state of Jewish life and ritual in Jerusalem during this period?as well as the turmoil that must have existed at the time these reforms were implemented."
