Abstract
This paper states that the first Javanese Homo erectus fossils were found in Trinil nearly 100 years ago. The paper explains the long-held theory that Homo erectus migrated out of Africa and dispersed throughout the Old World. The author highlights a more recent view that the Homo erectus and Homo Sapiens existed together on the earth, thus disputing other theories that Homo erectus either evolved into or was wiped out by Homo Sapiens.

From the Paper
"Critics were quick to discount the relationship between the skull and the femur found in Java. This was due to the fact that the femur was found the next year after the skullcap was discovered in the same stratigraphic level but approximately 10 to 15 meters away. Many felt that the skull belonged to an ape or possibly a low order human but believed that the femur was completely modern. In the end, it was the disputed connected between the skull and the femur that undermined Dubois' explanation. Dubois eventually withdrew himself and his fossils from the scientific spotlight."

Tags:sapiens, upright, date, magration, dubois

Abstract
The paper shows the anatomical and behavioural similarities between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. The paper explains how the anatomical similarities were standing upright, similar skulls and similar diseases and ailments.

From the Paper
"Our species Homo sapiens are not the only species of human that has existed. Many types of humans existed co-existed or pre-dated Homo sapiens. While many people tend to focus on the anatomical and behavioural differences between our species and these other types of humans, it must be remembered that there were also many similarities. To prove this point this essay will look at the similarities between Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. Anatomically, Homo erectus had a similar body plan and even suffered some of the same diseases that plague Homo sapiens. Behaviourally, Homo erectus like Homo sapiens often experienced conflict..."

Tags:h. erectus, compares, h. sapiens

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of why researchers now believe that modern man - Homo sapiens- evolved from Homo erectus, or "upright man" and not Neandertal Man. Similarities between the two species are the focus.

From the Paper
"Homo erectus or upright man was the first species of hominid to migrate out of Africa. Most researchers believe that Homo sapiens knowing man evolved from Homo erectus, making modern man a chronospecies. While this is generally agreed upon by researchers, there is still uncertainty as to how and where Homo erectus ultimately gave rise to Homo sapiens. This analysis will discuss to what extent Homo erectus is comparable in anatomy and culture to modern man or Homo sapiens..."

Tags:height, weight, size, brow, strength, evolution, chronospecies, DNA

Abstract
Discusses the controversy concerning Homo erectus and scientific points of view. Discusses the theory that human beings evolved from primates or ape-like ancestors and anthropologists's view of the role of Homo erectus in evolution.

From the Paper
"Homo erectus is believed to have emerged about 1.8 million years ago during the Lower Pleistocene Epoch of the Quarternary Period of the Cenozoic Era (Adelphi, p. 4-4). This brief ..."

Abstract
This paper examines and compares the erotic court dances of the 14th century Javanese culture and today's local folk-dancers, ronggeng. The paper explains that, in addition to expressing the age-old dichotomy between the masculine and feminine principles, Javanese dance is also useful in preserving what the Javanese believed would be lost through colonialism, their culture. The paper claims that the first schools of classical Javanese dance were founded out of a desire to retain and maintain the true Javanese culture, with its Hindu and Buddhist elements.

From the Paper
"Two sons of a Javanese sultan, both of whom were nationalists, founded a dance school, Kridha Beksa Wirama, in 1918. Moro notes that the school was "groundbreaking" as it was the first effort to make court dance democratic, and less 'feudal.' Its first students were the youth affiliates of Budi Utomo, the first nationalist organization in the region. However, because members in these somewhat avant garde groups were primarily aristocrats, the elite continued to have a hold over the arts. Still, graduates of that school went on to teach in the Taman Siswa schools, a system dating to 1922 that " linked education and experimental pedagogy to the goals of Indonesian nationalism" (Moro, 2004)."

Tags:ronggeng, golek, gambyong

Abstract
The paper reviews the controversy whether Homo sapiens and Neanderthals interbred or Neanderthals were driven to extinction by the arrival of anatomically modern Homo sapiens. The research shows that the Neanderthals were a species genetically similar to modern Homo sapiens with brains as large or larger. The paper notes that Neanderthals were also shown to be rugged survivors, but the research is consistent in emphasizing that they could not compete with the superior technologies and social arrangements of Homo sapiens. The paper concludes that the DNA studies suggest that Neanderthals did not interbreed with Homo sapiens.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The manner in which the Neanderthals prospered and then died out has been the focus of an increasing amount of research in recent years, and with good reason. According to Tattersail (1999), "Perhaps no extinct species in the entire human fossil record is as germane to the understanding of those origins as is Homo neanderthalensis. There is certainly no better way in which we Homo sapiens can judge our own uniqueness in the living world than by measuring ourselves against the Neanderthals and their achievements". The popular conception of Neanderthals by many people today is one of brutish-looking, fur-clad cavemen wielding clubs and dragging their women by the hair into caves for fun and games, yet the conceptions are misguided."

Tags:genetic, tests, extinct, species, fossils, adapt, sophisticated, linguistic, skills

Abstract
What happened to the culture of Neanderthals in Europe, this paper asks. It aims to find the answer by providing an analysis that delves into the rise and fall of the Neanderthals, and their interactions with early homo sapiens and Cro-Magnon man. In seeking the reason for Neanderthal extinction, the paper references writing that discusses various theories, including climate change, violence by invading tribes of "new kinds of humans," and interbreeding that gradually phased out Neanderthal traits. The paper concludes by noting that most evidence shows that Cro-Magnon and homo sapies were both more advanced in their communication, weapon-making, and adaption to the bitterly cold European environment.

From the Paper
"Juan Luis Arsuaga writes that by about 32,000 years ago the Neanderthals had lost "a lot of territory" (Arsuaga, 2001, 283) in Europe and were generally located on the Iberian Peninsula, which is today Spain and Portugal. Just north of the Iberian Peninsula was, by this period, occupied by the Cro-Magnons (Homo sapiens' ancestors). The Cro-Magnon territory had spread south from the "northern ecosystems of the Euro-Siberian world," Arsuaga explains. The literature supports the idea that the Cro-Magnons had "arrived about 40,000 years ago" from their African roots, and had adapted reasonably well to the Ice Age and the lingering frosty climate in "...misty forests filled with red deer, roe deer, and boar" (Arsuaga, 283).:

Tags:extinction, hominid, evolution

Abstract
This paper examines how Anselm proposed a series of Christological doctrines in his most famous work, "Cur Deus Homo" or, "Why The God-Man." The principle theory is known as the Satisfaction Theory and it was the predominant contention of the Church for almost a millennium. This paper explores the theory, as well as the history and circumstances that led to Anselm's development of what later became Church doctrine.

From the Paper
"Before Anselm's Satisfaction Theory, the commonly accepted theory of many Church Fathers was the Ransom Theory. This was a presumption that held the contention of God's conquest over enslavement, and it was the predominant church belief for a millennium.2 This theory was adapted from the passage in Mark 10:45, in which Christ is said to have, "Give[n] his life as a ransom for many." The theory contended that Christ's humanity was taken by Satan, but so too was his veiled divinity, and it was Christ's divinity that Satan allegedly took without having the appropriate authority. In taking what he was not allowed to take, Satan forfeited all of his rights over humanity, and humanity was thus saved from the power of evil."

Tags:christianity, church, doctrine, hamartia, sin, theology

From the Paper
" This research examines differences among subspecies of Homo sapiens. The main variances examined are easily observable characteristics such as teeth, skeleton, hair and skin. The main conclusion of the research is that differences can be classified into terms of subspecies variation in the biological and genetic sense of these terms, and these differences can thus be described using the tools of these disciplines. Subspecies can not be defined in terms of race or cultural groups nor can biological classification be devised to define such categories.

Prior to exploring differences among the subspecies Homo sapiens, it is useful to define some terms, and especially useful to gain an understanding of the term subspecies as this is the category of classification this paper addresses. To do this we will need to gain an understanding of the biological and genetic ... "

Abstract
This undergraduate paper will try to prove whether there is evidence of sexual dimorphism in Homo Habilis or not. The pattern of sexual dimorphism that will be followed is based on Steve Donnelly's paper and the specific fossil specimens that will be used are KNM-ER 1813 and KNM-ER 1470. The similarities and differences between the two will also be compared.