From the Paper
"This study will examine the reasons why the Chinese and Korean military play a role in domestic politics, while the Japanese military does not play such a role. The study will focus on the post-World War II era, and will consider the basic models for the governments of the three nations of China (Leninist), Japan (liberal-democratic) and South Korea (authoritarian-democratic).


The primary reason that the military of Japan plays no role in the domestic politics of that country is that the military of the country plays little role at all, in any aspect of the policies of the nation, domestic or foreign. One of the penalties imposed upon Japan after its defeat in World War II was a dismantling of its military, and this imposition has continued to this date. While the military has been re-built to a minor..."

Abstract
This paper explores and discusses the impediments to the implementation of the 2000 Tokyo Tribunal. It investigates how the Women's International War Crimes Tribunal came to be and what it hoped to accomplish. To gain a full appreciation of the background to the issue that gave rise to the December 2000 Tribunal, this paper reviews the Japanese Imperialist Army practice, justification and affects of the system of sexual slavery. Following the historical review, it looks at how the Japanese and other government's attitudes towards the comfort women program has hampered justice for victims. Finally, an overview of the follow-up meeting in The Hague in 2001 highlights what the efforts of these survivors and others have accomplished.

Introduction
Statement of Problem
Comfort Women, a Background
Legal Issues
Impediments to Justice
Events Leading to the Tokyo Tribunal
December 2000 Tokyo Tribunal on Sexual Slavery
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal did not happen overnight. Rather it was a product of years of effort by individuals and organizations in nine countries throughout Asia and the West. Until the early 1990's the Japanese government refused to even acknowledge the fact of the enslavement of women into their comfort women scheme during the war. This hearing did not become a reality overnight. It took years of effort and scholarship for the Tribunal to become reality.

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, known as the Tokyo war crimes trials, neglected to punish a single Japanese leader for the slavery, subsequent abuse, and destruction of women's lives who were forced into becoming sexual slaves for the Japanese government. (Soh 2001) Documents kept at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. revealed U.S. military intelligence units had gathered important information on the comfort women program. (Soh) Some writers feel that the Tokyo tribunal's absence of addressing this human rights violation reflects a pervasive racism of Western nations toward non-white people but also that fact that no American women were victimized. (Soh) (Llewellyn 2001) Rough estimates by scholars believe that the number of comfort women ranged between 50,000 and 200,000 and that most were believed to be Korean."

Tags:korea, abuse, tokyo, second

Abstract
This paper is a comparative review of three books on the subject of Japanese atrocities and war crimes during the Second World War. The three books to be compared are Yoshimi Yoshiaki's 'Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II', Judith Pearson's' Belly of the Beast: A POW's Inspiring True Story of Faith, Courage, and Survival Aboard the Infamous WWII Japanese Hellship', the Oryoku Maru, and Yuki Tanaka's 'Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II'. Although all three of these books deal with related subject matter, they take very different approaches, thus casting light on the subject matter from different directions.

Tags:japan, warcrimes, rape

Abstract
This paper explains that the kind of partnership, which was forged between these two nations following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, is unprecedented, an unlikely alliance between conqueror and conquered, an unequal alliance that places both parties in a position of advantage. The author points out that a major social factor influencing American-Japanese relations is the sense of insecurity and vulnerability, which the Japanese have, being subject to earthquakes, typhoons, tidal waves and the possibility of domination by nations with greater military strength; whereas, to the Japanese, the high degree of self-confidence displayed by Americans comes across as being "mindless arrogance". The paper relates that the Japan's phenomenal economic growth in the span of a single generation, owing largely to its 1960 "income-doubling program", has raised serious problems for the American-Japanese relationship, especially since it was paralleled by a slow decline in the American economy up until the 1980s.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Overview
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Economic Dimensions
Geopolitical Dimensions
Conclusion: The Future of U.S.-Japanese Relations

From the Paper
"U.S.-Japanese relations date back to the middle of the nineteenth century, when, in 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay and opened up Japan to trade with the West. The U.S.-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed in 1857, not only gave the United States an immediate advantage over its Western competitors, but also had the profound effect of re-instating the Japanese Emperor and launching Japan on the road to modernization. A more serious consequence, however, was Japan's emerging imperialist ambitions, which were early demonstrated in its launching of the Sino-Japanese War (1895-1895) with its resultant acquisition of Taiwan as well as in its success in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and subsequent annexation of Korea (1910) and Manchuria (1931). "

Tags:debt, conquer, multi-polarity, defense, military

Abstract
The following paper will look at the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in the period 1942-45. Specifically, the paper will look at how the arrival of the Japanese clearly spelled the end of the ancient colonial rule of the Dutch; in that regard, it really meant the end of the silly and quaint notion that Caucasians were somehow superior to those of darker skin. The paper will then look at the Japanese's acknowledgement of Indonesian nationalism (which may, ultimately, have proved a mistake) and at the Japanese administration's relatively enlightened treatment of the Mataram Dynasty in Java; the set of precepts set down for the princes during this period reflects a military administration smart enough to know that it had enough global enemies and did not need any more. The essay will subsequently glance at how the Japanese sought to win over the support of the kikayi and the ulama through aggressive education programs and some comments will be made about the unintended positive benefits which derived from the repressive Japanese occupation. Last of all, the paper will address the question of why the Japanese, who do not appear to have been any more brutal in their own way than the Dutch were in theirs (and had the added benefit of being Asian) never quite managed to gain the grudging tolerance of the Indonesian people. In the final analysis, two things will emerge from this paper: the Japanese were more enlightened in Indonesia than one might expect; and, just as significantly, they were never going to (within the time-span of the Second World War) gain complete acceptance in Indonesia - no matter how many concessions they granted to the Mataram dynasty - because they were a horde of conquerors from abroad simply doing what the Dutch had already done.

From the Paper
The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in 1942-45 and why the Japanese Never Win the Struggle for Hearts and Minds despite Freeing Indonesia from Dutch Control The following paper will look at the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in the period 1942-45. Specifically, the paper will look at how the arrival of the Japanese clearly spelled the end of the ancient colonial rule of the Dutch; in that regard, it really meant the end of the silly and quaint notion that Caucasians were somehow superior to those of darker skin. The paper will then look at the Japanese's acknowledgement of Indonesian nationalism (which may, ultimately, have proved a mistake) and at the

Tags:indonesia, dutch, japanese

Abstract
This paper discusses how, due to military necessity, 120,000 Japanese Americans were unjustly interned in 1942, permanently scarring America, and creating a future precedence. The paper argues that this was an unjustified response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Surprisingly, the paper points out, many of the internees proved that they were able to make the best of a bad situation. Furthermore, despite the unfair treatment, a select few Japanese Americans were still willing to fight for their country and eventually became part of the most decorated unit in American history, the "Purple Heart Battalion". The paper concludes that this story proves that even in the face in adversity, people can do great things.


Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journey to the Internment camps
Living Conditions
Leisure
Education
Release and Reparations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Education was another serious concern among the camps. Schools had to be set up quickly, and materials were in short supply. Most schools opened around October, an unusual month compared to normal schools. In Wyoming, "A block of barracks was set aside for use as classrooms. Books did not arrive until December and then only in limited numbers. If a student had homework, he or she had to check out the textbook for the evening. Paper and pencils were also in short supply. The chalkboard was a piece of plywood painted black. Students sat on benches, and though some teachers had a table, others used boxes for desks. Students who sat in the front of the classroom near the potbellied stoves roasted, while those who sat in the back wore coats to keep from freezing. The open ceilings made for continuous distractions as the noise from one classroom invaded adjacent rooms." Other camps had it even worse though, holding classes in dinning halls, which proved to be both noisy and crowded. Teachers were also extremely hard to come by, but were appreciated when they did. Students were eager to learn and naturally cooperative. Later in the years, real schools began to appear complete with libraries, auditoriums, and even wood shops. To make things even better, "Graduates from the high schools in the relocation centers who qualified for colleges and universities, went to these schools in the mid-west and east coast states, usually on full scholarships. By the end of the war, many of these "students" were ready to graduate with college degrees and enter the job market at the same time the returning service men were just getting ready to enter college." So many people received college degrees that many camps were even able hold reunions for the students."

Tags:detention camps security, World War II, Pearl Harbor

Abstract
This research paper traces the history of Shinto from the pre-historic times, discusses its philosophy and rituals and the extent to which it has influenced Japanese society. It discusses outside influences on Shinto, its revival after Meiji Restoration and how it was used to promote nationalism and military expansion. It also reviews Shinto's current status in Japan.

Table of Contents:
Early History of Shinto
Philosophy of Shinto
Kami Rituals
Shinto Shrines
Shinto Festival Processions
Outside Influences on Shinto
Revival of Shinto and Japanese Nationalism
The Current Status of Shinto
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During these public processions, which are generally held on annual basis, a large object (supposedly containing the spirit of a local deity) is carried shoulder-high through the streets, in order to revitalize the community with its supernatural presence. The bearers of the deity are required to "purify" themselves by drinking large amounts of sake before taking part in the procession. The intoxicated state of the bearers together with the bulk of the object they carry, conveniently "ensures" that the object may crash into the home or a shop owned by a greedy merchant or an intolerable official. As the object's movement is supposed to be "guided" by a deity, no one can be held responsible for the damage caused."

Tags:Meiji, Restoration, philosophy, rituals, nationalism

Abstract
The subject of this paper is the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War and how a lengthy treatment of this important subject by author Philip Snow is assessed by two scholars who reviewed his work; the names of those scholars are N.E. Sarantakes, a military historian stationed at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and J.F. Tsai, whose work has been published in several academic journals. The subject of each man's article is a simple one: they wish to discuss the historical veracity of Snow's claims with regards to the occupation and they wish to highlight also areas where he has erred. It may be said that the general approach taken by each man is analytical and topical as opposed to chronological or strictly descriptive and their attention is focused on the period from 1941-1945 when the occupation took place.

From the Paper
History of Hong Kong: How Two Different Scholars Approach One Book's Interpretation of the Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War The subject of this paper is the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during the Second World War and how a lengthy treatment of this important subject by author Philip Snow is assessed by two scholars who reviewed his work; the names of those scholars are N.E. Sarantakes, a military historian stationed at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and J.F. Tsai, whose work has been published in several academic journals. The subject of each man's article is a simple one: they wish to discuss the historical veracity of

Tags:hong, kong, war

Abstract
This is a paper about Japan's social developments. The author examines Japan's developments in military, educational and economical aspects with focus on the Japanese system of economic development.

From the Paper
"There is a time that every country must decide on its future function, whether to focus on defense, social justice, education, economy or others. Japan is no different. In the past fifty years, Japanese government has set economic development as its top priority, and the result is evident from 1960s through 1980s. This Japanese system of economic development is unique. This distinctive model has two main components: first, the keiretsu, industrial groupings, which provides the economic growth, and second, the government which one, paves the direction of economic development with financial assistance and two, plays the role of Gatekeeper. These two groups work together to bring unprecedented economic growth."

Tags:bureaucrats, city, economic, plan, policy, politicians, state

Abstract
This paper discusses the historical development of Japanese character and culture in terms of the dialectical tension between the extremes of high aesthetics and the raw power of military tradition. The expression of these in modern times is also examined, as is the issue of how tradition influences contemporary Japan.