Abstract This paper examines the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II by comparing this action with the freedom experienced by German-Americans during the same period. The author questions the inherent racism of Americans that enabled such an occurrence to be legally sanctioned, while German-Americans lived their lives freely, although Hitler and Germany were also enemies of America during World War II. The paper then presents a detailed background of the Japanese immigrant experience in America, contrasting this with the American ideal of freedom and the reality of racism. The experiences of African and Native-Americans are also considered. The paper then describes the actual Japanese internment, which was unprecedented event in American history. The paper further states how the Internment still has an effect on the psyche of the Japanese-American population today. The author concludes that the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War was one of the great tragedies of American history.
Outline:
Introduction
Background: The Japanese Experience in America
Prejudice Unleashed: The Internment Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper " Naturally, the situation was worse the further removed from the Anglo-Saxon ideal a group might chance to be. After the Civil War, the newly reunited nation demanded a huge supply of cheap labor to build its rapidly expanding railroad network. In the West, this labor was provided, to a large extent, by settlers from Japan and China. Labor Contractors, generally Japanese or Chinese themselves actively recruited these workers and brought them to America. They helped to lay the foundations of America's industrial prosperity. White American racial attitudes combined with a nationwide railroad strike in 1877 to create the necessary conditions for a crackdown on Asian immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was soon followed by other, stricter acts, in 1892, 1902, and 1904. And as White America saw little, if any difference, between Japanese and any other Asians, the anti-Chinese immigration laws were followed by a Japanese Exclusion Act in 1907. By 1924, the United States had imposed an almost total ban on all immigration from East Asia, ..."
Tags:Japanese-Americans, internment, World, War, II, immigrant, experiences
Abstract The paper discusses the forced relocation of JapaneseAmericans to internment camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The paper includes a discussion of those who favored and those who opposed the action.
From the Paper "Similar to the fear and paranoia directed at Arab-Americans after the terrorist attacks of September, fear and paranoia erupted in American society after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December. The US government took swift action after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Any immigrants arriving in America from Japan were officially classified as enemy aliens. As fear mounted that Japanese citizens of the US would undermine the US war effort, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued the Executive Order."
Tags:JapaneseAmericans, WWII, Pearl Harbor, terrorism, racism, prejudice, Franklin D. Roosevelt, internment camps, justice, democracy, politics, fear, paranoia
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that on February 19, 1942, following the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese troops, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, setting into motion the mass internment of over 110,000 Japanese-Americans in camps throughout the continental U.S. without trial or charge. Long the victims of racial discrimination, these Japanese-Americans found themselves the targets of an entire nation's hostilities during the war. The writer points out that this act of mass exclusion by the United States prompted very different reactions among the Japanese-American community, key examples of which are found in Monica Sone's 'Nisei Daughter' and John Okada's 'No-no Boy'. The writer discusses that these books, written in the 1950s, after the Japanese internment had ended, present two diametrically opposite responses to the internment of Japanese-American citizens, and explore the newly emerging relationship between Japanese-Americans and the United States in the post-war era.
From the Paper "Continuing where Nisei Daughter left off, but diverging sharply in its portrayal of the Japanese-American experience in the United States, No-No Boy traces the attempts made by Ichiro Yamada, a Japanese American internee who declined to serve in the U.S. army, and the novels central character, to integrate into American society following his internment and consequential imprisonment. The book explores the failure of Japanese American integration in the racially charged aftermath of the Second World War, and is unique in that it develops almost exclusively within the confines of Japanese American culture, where discrimination manifests itself even within the same race."
Abstract This paper discusses how the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry represents an ongoing international effort between the two top pharmaceutical markets in the world. It looks at why a number of pharmaceutical products that are currently available to U.S. residents are unavailable to Japanese consumers and how from a humanitarian perspective, this discrepancy denies access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs to the Japanese population. It proposes a study to evaluate how the United States and Japan can work collaboratively to optimize the availability of ethical pharmaceuticals so that every American and Japanese citizen is permitted free access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs.
Outline
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
1.Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Delimitations
2.Review of the Literature
1990 to 1996
1997 to 2002
3.Methodology
Research Design
The Hypothesis
Special Tests
Statistical Procedures Used
Data Gathering
Population Descriptions
4. Results
Statement of the Results
Tables
Charts
Figures
Statistical Findings
5.Summary
Conclusions
Supporting Findings
Contradicting Findings
Recommendations
Additional Research
Implications for Revising the Current Body of Knowledge
Change in Related Practices
Appendices
From the Paper "Regardless of the strategic tools that are utilized for a meaningful entry into U.S. markets as well as growth, Japanese firms must increasingly rely on local staff. Depending on local staff to manage their business, and providing those managers with sufficient opportunities and incentives, is a management challenge that Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers have yet to overcome, especially in the United States. This will require a modification of management methods throughout the firm, including domestic headquarters. Such changes will be slow and will be resisted; we expect the issue of bicultural management to be a struggle for most Japanese pharmaceutical firms throughout the 1990s. This "people issue" also involves a number of organizational matters that many of these firms are now attempting to manage."
Abstract This article examines the causes and consequences of Executive Order 9066 during World War II that incarcerated JapaneseAmericans, as well as Japanese residents. The writer argues that the American policy in forcibly relocating JapaneseAmericans to the hinterland was tragically flawed, but post-war redress made some amends for the injustice involved.
From the Paper "This research paper summarizes the principal causes and consequences of the massive exclusion and evacuation of Japanese Americans (J.A.s) during World War II from the West Coast and their relocation to remote internment camps in the interior. J.A.s were forcibly removed transported and incarcerated by the United States Government. Approximately two-thirds of them were Nisei persons of Japanese descent who were born in America and therefore were American citizens and the remainder Issei J.A.s who were immigrants from Japan ... "
Abstract This paper discusses how, due to military necessity, 120,000 JapaneseAmericans were unjustly interned in 1942, permanently scarring America, and creating a future precedence. The paper argues that this was an unjustified response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Surprisingly, the paper points out, many of the internees proved that they were able to make the best of a bad situation. Furthermore, despite the unfair treatment, a select few JapaneseAmericans were still willing to fight for their country and eventually became part of the most decorated unit in American history, the "Purple Heart Battalion". The paper concludes that this story proves that even in the face in adversity, people can do great things.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journey to the Internment camps
Living Conditions
Leisure
Education
Release and Reparations
Conclusion
From the Paper "Education was another serious concern among the camps. Schools had to be set up quickly, and materials were in short supply. Most schools opened around October, an unusual month compared to normal schools. In Wyoming, "A block of barracks was set aside for use as classrooms. Books did not arrive until December and then only in limited numbers. If a student had homework, he or she had to check out the textbook for the evening. Paper and pencils were also in short supply. The chalkboard was a piece of plywood painted black. Students sat on benches, and though some teachers had a table, others used boxes for desks. Students who sat in the front of the classroom near the potbellied stoves roasted, while those who sat in the back wore coats to keep from freezing. The open ceilings made for continuous distractions as the noise from one classroom invaded adjacent rooms." Other camps had it even worse though, holding classes in dinning halls, which proved to be both noisy and crowded. Teachers were also extremely hard to come by, but were appreciated when they did. Students were eager to learn and naturally cooperative. Later in the years, real schools began to appear complete with libraries, auditoriums, and even wood shops. To make things even better, "Graduates from the high schools in the relocation centers who qualified for colleges and universities, went to these schools in the mid-west and east coast states, usually on full scholarships. By the end of the war, many of these "students" were ready to graduate with college degrees and enter the job market at the same time the returning service men were just getting ready to enter college." So many people received college degrees that many camps were even able hold reunions for the students."
Tags: detention camps security, World War II, Pearl Harbor
Abstract Both the United States and Canadian World War II era leadership participated in the internment of Japanese immigrants and JapaneseAmericans in an effort to ensure national security. This paper reviews the historical events surrounding the Japanese internment camps of World War II. The paper also examines how Americans learned from their mistakes after this incident.
From the Paper "Daily life in these camps was not as difficult or harsh as the work camps of Europe, however the overall happiness, prosperity, and functionality of these Japanese Americans was compromised. These people were forced to live in intimidating circumstances, behind barbed wire fences and surrounded by armed guards (Satsuki, 15). A significant percentage of those interned died from simple illnesses and injury due to inadequate or nonexistent medical care. Internees were shot for allegedly disobeying orders or trying to run away. The conditions were so unpleasant that President Roosevelt himself referred to these locations as "concentration camps" (Gallavan, and Roberts). These camps are filled with overzealous American military personnel who encouraged riots and incited unrest within the facilities."
Abstract This paper explores immigration and new life in America for JapaneseAmerican women during the earliest years of Japanese immigration. Issues studied are the family, and attitudes of and effects on the women.
This paper discusses "Farewell To Manzanar" by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James Houston that looks at the internment of Japanese & JapaneseAmericans during World War II.
Abstract This paper examines "Farewell To Manzanar" by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James Houston. The book deals with the internment of Japanese & JapaneseAmericans during World War II and describes the impact this has on the author and her family. The paper discusses major characters in this book, which treats the issues of prejudice, racism, assimilation and identity.
From the Paper "Shortly after the United States entered World War II, the government interned Japanese residents of the Western states in ten internment camps, including Manzanar in California. One of the many children uprooted from their homes, along with their families and interned at Manzanar, was seven-year old Jeanne Wakatsuki, author of "Farewell to Manzanar" together with her writer husband James Houston, that tells the true story of the Japanese American experience during and after the World War I internment."
Abstract The paper relates that the internment of Japanese-Americans was a horrific experience and one of the darkest moments in American history. The paper then provides a chronology of the events affecting Japanese-Americans following the attacks on Pearl Harbor.
From the Paper "Internment of Japanese Americans was a horrific experience, and one of the darkest moments in American history in that the immigrant commitment to America was ignored, as was the birthright of the children of immigrants who were born U.S. citizens, and interned anyway. So, too, was it disgraceful that the service of Japanese Americans who served in the United States military during World War II went virtually unmentioned for decades following World War II."
Abstract This paper analyzes the issue of Japanese-American internment camps, through a review of Roger Daniels' book, "Prisoners Without Trials". The paper discusses the argument that the internment was justified at the time, due to the Japanese-Americans posing a security threat to the United States. This claim is explained as a poor excuse for racism, discrimination and political interest, on the part of the government. The paper continues to describe how the same government eventually admits that the internment was unjustified. The book is portrayed as clearly presenting the background and facts of this episode of racism and placing it in its historical context.
From the Paper "The argument that the interment was justified because Japanese Americans posed a threat to the security of the United States ignores the fact that Italian Americans and German Americans were not rounded up and placed in internment camps. This was true despite the fact that Germany and Italy were enemies in World War II along with Japan. The racism of the American government and the people who allowed internment to occur is evident in such a discriminatory decision, for of the three enemies in World War II, only the Japanese stood out in appearance from other Americans. Had Germany and Italy been located in Asia, or Africa, meaning that German Americans and Italian Americans would have appeared "foreign" to Americans, it is likely that German Americans and Italian Americans would have been locked up in internment camps as well."
Abstract This is an investigation of different theories on ethnic conflict. Using the book, "No No Boy" by John Okado, a story about the treatment of Japanese-Americans during WWII, the author illustrates how the the main character's ethnicity was used against him and his family. It is an example of how being different can cause discrimination and hatred among the general population. Differences in religion and race are often the two most common forms of ethnic conflict and many people who are not "ethnically" the same as everyone else, find themselves caught between two worlds, in this case, Japan and America.
From the Paper "The ethnic conflict theories of Connor are also important. They focus not on what is the basis of the conflict, for example race, religion or language. Instead the focus is on identity, where the conflict is between groups having different concepts of identity. It is this that leads to the basic us-them syndrome. (Connor) This is also one of the major themes of the No-No Boy. The story told focuses on the struggle of Ichiro to find his identity. It is not finding his identity as either a Japanese or an American, it is simply finding the identity that the environment requires. In the end of the story it appears that he has found his identity, where in fact he has only given up his identity and taken that of the environment. The fact that the only identity available is the American identity is also shown when we consider Ichiro's family. Ichiro is not even able to identify with those like him. His mother holds onto the Japanese culture and considers herself Japanese, she goes as far as saying, ?it is she who is dead because she did not conduct herself as a Japanese and, no longer being Japanese, she is dead.? (Okada, 41) The end result for her is suicide."
Abstract This paper discusses Americans playing for Japanese leagues, and Japanese playing for American leagues. Through the years there has been a great deal of cultural tension, yet, through baseball these tensions are beginning to change. The paper shows that Japanese players in the American baseball leagues are making a significant cultural impact. Americans playing in Japan are affecting the culture as well.
From the Paper "Research indicates that in 1934 Babe Ruth led a group of professional American players to tour Japan. During that visit the Japanese were so impressed by the players, and the game, that they began to form their own leagues within a few years. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese baseball was not considered seriously by professional athletes. Furthermore, there were no suggestions that Americans play for Japanese teams. Yet, as time progressed, and tensions eased between the two countries, some American players began to consider that the Japanese leagues might be where they belonged in the sport. It was also true that American managers decided to take a chance at working in the realm of Japanese baseball. And, as the world has begun to change, Japanese players have been enticed to attempt to play in the American baseball leagues."
Abstract This paper discusses the internment of Americans of Japanese descent in America in the wake of the attack at Pearl Harbor. The paper discusses the actions that the American government took against Japanese-Americans during World War Two and concludes with how the government in 1990 acknowledged the injustices that were performed and attempted to compensate the families of those Japanese-Americans who were affected.
From the Paper "While today some Americans of Japanese descent criticize those who were interred for not showing any resistance, the fact was that the government actions could be quite terrifying. They raided Japanese homes, often without search warrants, under wartime rules that suspended some civil liberties, with some writers describing it as a "reign of terror" (Daniels, p. 206). On page 207, Daniels describes such a search of a home when only a young, teenaged girl was home. They went through the house upturning mattresses and emptying drawers, and then questioned the young girl. Since they found nothing, they did not arrest her, but such actions spread tremendous fear through Japanese-American communities."
Abstract This paper is an in-depth examination of how the American government treated Japanese-Americans during World War II, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The paper looks at the the relocation camps where the Japanese-Americans were sent, their treatment there and some of the long-term implications of this policy. Relations between Japan and the United States prior to Pearl Harbor are also examined in detail.
From the Paper "Many people criticized the U.S. government for acting the way it did toward Japanese-Americans. Some of these critics have said that the United States acted as if martial law had been called out (Inada 187). Although of course the United States remained under civilian rule for the war, in some ways its actions were like those that are taken by martial law authorities. Martial law is put into effect when civil authority alone is deemed not to be strong or severe enough to keep life functioning in a basically normal and safe way. Usually governments that declare martial law allow normal civil rights to be taken away from people. This could mean, for example, that if martial law were called out in America then Americans would no longer be able to be tried by a jury if they were accused of a crime (Inada 149). This is almost what happened to Japanese-Americans."
