Abstract
This paper explores the ongoing significance of the brutal Japanese occupation in Hong Kong's during World War II. The paper describes impact culturally on Hong Kong and the civilian suffering that took place. Additionally, the paper touches on today's lingering resentment and mistrust of Japan in Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"History can shape cultures over very long periods of time. Hong Kong was invaded by the Japanese in December of 1941 and occupied till the early autumn of 1945, an experience remembered for its brutality that is still a topic of resentment. The occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living, there. Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The reader..."

Tags:hong kong, ija occupation, xmas 1941

Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.

Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."

Tags:WWII, occupation, invasion

Abstract
This paper discusses, from different perspectives, the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and the brutal Japanese occupation there till the end of the War in 1945. It examines three scholarly articles that are seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the U.S. and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs and the author of an article on Japan and China that seems more American in scope than Asian. Richard J. Aldrich's study of British secret intelligence in Asia during World War II is then discussed in relation to Hong Kong. The third paper is by Kent Fedorowich on a British diplomat's view of Hong Kong before the colony fell to the Japanese.

Outline:
Introduction
On Sino-Japanese Rivalry
Allied Intelligence in World War II - Hong Kong
Hong Kong on the Eve of its Occupation
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
" When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, civilians were interned and thousands of Indian, British and Canadian soldiers that had tried to defend the colony became prisoners of war, many of them dying of disease, starvation and general abuse. (CBC 1972) Consulting Greenhous's summary of the 2,000 Canadians defeated at Hong Kong's struggle against the Japanese showed the takeover as something that people in Hong Kong would remember for many years. (1997) The soldiers fought from December 8 to 18, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army often killing the wounded just as they viciously attacked civilians. When the Japanese took control of the colony the people lived on tiny rations, the actual takeover as brutal as anywhere in Asia the Japanese conquered. The people of Hong Kong till the lapse of 1997 were used to seeing Communist China as a place of oppression and perhaps unwanted designs on the future of Hong Kong, but Japan stayed in mind as the greater enemy, and a potential new threat. "

Tags:British, secret, intelligence, china, colony

Abstract
The paper explores the declining material and social conditions in Hong Kong during the Second World War. The paper argues that the Japanese had more pressing matters to attend to and had a general lack of interest in the well-being of prisoners.

From the Paper
"Hong Kong has had one of the most diverse political histories in East Asia. It has been the territorial property, colonial possession or occupied territory of at least three countries. One of the most dramatic political developments in Hong Kong was its occupation by the Japanese during the Second World War. The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong did not last a long time. According to Ming K. Chan in "Hong Kong", In September 1945, the British formally received the Japanese surrender and..."

Tags:hong, kong, japan

Abstract
Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this essay, which will explore the economic transformation of Hong Kong in the modern period. The thesis will be argued that this anomalous aspect of Hong Kong played a critical role in its economic transformation in the critical post-war period as it allowed the Crown Colony/city-state to neatly straddle the primary ideological, territorial, cultural, political and economic demarcation lines in Asia. In this regard, it was not only able to draw upon diverse sources for its development, but its value to all major players in the region was such that everyone had an interest in Hong Kong's continuing success and development. In this regard, its anomalous character represents Hong Kong's critical strategic advantage in its modern economic transformation.

From the Paper
The Transformations of the Hong Kong Economy In the Post-War Era Introduction Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this

Tags:hong kong, economy, growth

Abstract
The paper relates that while many of the issues and concerns associated with the assumption of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 are now over largely history, the issue of emigration from Hong Kong remains an important subject for policymakers and scholars in both the West and East Asia. The paper notes that migration from Hong Kong has been a constant in the post-Second World War period, but differences in the quantity and characteristics of the most recent wave of migrants from Hong Kong present render this subject one of great importance for the futures of both the receiving countries as well as Hong Kong itself.

From the Paper
"While many of the issues and concerns associated with the assumption of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 are now over largely history, the issue of emigration from Hong Kong remains an important subject for policymakers and scholars in both the West and East Asia. While migration from Hong Kong has been a constant in the post-Second World War period, differences in the quantity and characteristics of the most recent wave of migrants from Hong Kong present render this subject one of great..."

Tags:hong kong, migration, global

Abstract
This essay briefly explores three areas of Hong Kong culture and history and includes the unique culture of the Hong Kong people and how it developed. The paper discusses how the efforts to stamp out the mui tsai practice illustrates the problems encountered in attempting to enforce British morality on the Hong Kong population and includes how and why Beijing attempted to influence the course of democratization in post 1997 Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"Both Lau Siu-kai and Benjamin Leung agree that the Chinese people of Hong Kong have a unique culture and describe this culture as adventurous, individualistic, self-reliant and less encumbered by traditional inhibitions and having a degree of artificiality. A culture where an individual is free to be upwardly mobile and where personal success is based on economic success. Leung is more critical and to the point and adds that the Hong Kong citizen has a shaky moral status, no sense of cultural or moral mission and is characterized by crass materialism and utilitarianism due to the lack of moralizing elite and dominance of economic elite."

Tags:hong, kong, culture

Abstract
This paper analyzes "A Modern History of Hong Kong" by Steve Tsang. It explains the reasons for and effects of the making of Hong Kong into a Crown colony. In addition, the paper offers a critical review of the book and offers some suggestions for its improvement.

From the Paper
"This paper analyzes "A Modern History of Hong Kong" by Steve Tsang and discusses the reasons behind and effects of England's decision to make Hong Kong into a Crown Colony. When the British flag was finally lowered on June it signaled the end of an era for Hong Kong. By this time Hong Kong had been transformed to an international financial center boasting a high quality of life for most of its residents, a stable government and an ..."

Tags:Hong Kong, England, imperialism, colonization, Hong Kong economy, China, Opium War

Abstract
The following discussion proposes to assess the history of Hong Kong in terms of political culture and democracy. Initially, the country's famed role as an Asian Tiger in the period from 1960 to 1990 is explored. The anti-democratic bias of the national economic strategy is outlined. Then events surrounding the handover itself and subsequent political events are assessed. Next, this summer's election of the 'election committee' is examined. Finally, Hong Kong's culture of dynamism, dialectic and diversity will be examined.

Tags:democracy, hong, kong