Abstract In the early 20th century, Sylvester Graham developed a dietary regimen that sought to strike a balance between emotions, naturalism, and spirituality. While many of his concepts, particularly concerning sexual excesses contributing to ill health, have since been debunked, some of these approaches to health maintenance have been refined and expanded in the years since and remain influential today. This paper provides a review of Nissenbaum's book, "Sex, Diet, and Debility in JacksonianAmerica: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform:", as well as the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, to determine what Graham's concepts involved, the social reform efforts that emerged during this period in American history, and the impact that these trends had on the American consciousness. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
From the Paper "The main purpose of Stephen Nissenbaum's book is to describe Sylvester Graham's impact on the healthcare reforms taking place during this period of American history. In this book, Nissenbaum links the beginnings of physiological theory and the new commercial economy of Jacksonian American with the later Victorian healthcare reforms. Like his Kellogg cereal counterpart in the movie, "Wellville," Graham was responsible for bringing the wholesome graham cracker snack to the American public, and ultimately creating a multi-billion dollar cereal industry in the United States. The American obsession with "six-pack abs" did not start with Graham, but he was the creator of the graham cracker and believed that dietary and sexual excesses were the primary causes of disease. "
Abstract This paper considers Langston Hughes's experience of living as a minority in America as conveyed in the poem "Let America Be America Again." It also looks at the historical context of the poem.
From the Paper "In Let America be America Again, Langston Hughes relates the unique experience of being a minority in America. More specifically Hughes uses the poem to explore what it means to be an African-American in the United States and given the time period during which ..."
Tags: langston hughes, america, jim crow, racism, inequality, minority
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts the poems "Too," America" and "I Hear America Singing" and discusses how they are all very different poems, though they share the common subject of America. The paper describes how the authors, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay and Walt Whitman make different stylistic choices in their poems. They also relay very different meanings, while still expressing patriotism and their view of America. The paper analyzes how the common theme does make them similar poems in some ways, but overall these poems express the individualism and expression of the poet writing them.
This paper focuses on the Armenian refugees that came to the U.S. in the 19th century, primarily to escape religious prosecution, while also discussing if and how they adapted to America's culture.
Abstract The writer of this paper details the events that resulted in the formation of a sizeable and significant Armenian presence in America. One reason the Armenians fled their country was that they would have faced extinction had they stayed. The writer contends and explains why the Armenian cultural influence is not as strong as that of other minorities in America. It is believed that some 150,000 Armenians currently reside in North America. This paper examines the various reasons Armenians have failed to have an impact on American culture while also discussing the fact that most young Armenians have quickly assimilated and accepted the more powerful culture of the U.S. The writer contends and explains why Armenian culture has had some influence on U.S. culture but that the reverse influence is far greater in magnitude and impact.
From the Paper "Armenian culture has had some influence on the US culture but the reversed influence is far greater in magnitude and impact. While we can say that the shape of American culture today is developed with the help of bits and pieces from other cultures including Armenian, there is no denying the fact that Armenian youth is no longer as interested in their own culture as they are in the more powerful American culture.
When they first came to the United States, things were different. Armenians were influential in the sense that they had a better grip on their roots, heritage and culture. They did not assimilate quickly and resisted it for some time. Since they were mostly concentrated in one area, they interacted more often and had their institutions built in the area."
Abstract The paper analyzes "The Colonial Heritage of Latin America," by Stanley and Barbara Stein who argue that many of the characteristics and limitations of Latin America have their inception during the colonial period and have been altered only slightly with the passage of time and increasing technology that enables better contact with the rest of the world. The paper discusses the suggestion that Latin America is a continent that has only been able to inadequately fulfill its development potential, based on the limitations of the persistent characteristics of its colonial past.
From the Paper "In "The Colonial Heritage of Latin America," Stanley and Barbara Stein argue that many of the characteristics and limitations of Latin America have their inception during the colonial period and have been altered only slightly with the passage of time and increasing technology that enables better contact with the rest of the world."
Tags: Latin America, development, colonialism, economic, globalization, trade, statism, nationalism
Abstract This paper is a brief review of the history of slavery in America. The paper examines the chronology of slavery in America from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century and also presents an examination of its long-term impact. The paper shows that the history of slavery is not only a history of America; it is also a history of missed opportunities.
From the Paper "There can be little doubt that the presence of indentured servants and chattel slaves greatly affected the development of British North America. This brief paper will examine the history of slavery and servitude in the New World, assess its impact, and determine how the history of British North America would be different if the institution of slavery had never existed. To begin with, the history of slavery in the New World is a long and ignominious one. In 1619, the first African-American slaves arrived in Jamestown. By the middle of the seventeenth century, tobacco-planting in Virginia and Maryland became institutionalized (Becker para.4). One estimate holds that, from the "early 16th to the mid-19th Centuries" the total number of Africans forcibly transplanted from their African home numbered between ten million and eleven million souls (Becker para.53-55)."
Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the post- war prosperity, the development of the suburbs, and the perceived need for conformity in the United States. These factors, while apparently extremely different in appearance, are all connected through the changing social structure of America. The main cause of this change is best explored as that of a need for stability and the new finances that allowed the new American middle class to chase after that stability.
Abstract The book that Binnendijk edits, Transforming America's Military, is his latest publication, having been released in 2002. This significant assessment of America's military seeks to pose the state of change that exists in the U. S. military, a state of change brought on by rapid technological advancements.
This paper discusses the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), a free trade agreement between the United States and the countries of Central America.
Abstract This paper chronicles the efforts of the Bush Administration to pass the CAFTA, the Central America Free Trade Agreement. The author explains of its benefits. The paper delineates the problems of this legislation.
From the Paper " On January ..., President Bush announced that the United States would explore a free trade agreement with the countries of Central America. The President said his Administration would work closely with Congress towards this goal. The President added that the purpose of this initiative was to strengthen the economic ties the United States already had with these nations and to reinforce their progress toward economic political and social reform. The Central American Free Trade Agreement CAFTA is a proposed agreement between the United States and Guatemala, ..."
Tags: Cafa, free trade, central america, opposition, nafta, trade barriers, duties, international trade, benefits
Abstract This paper includes a simple identification of nations from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Twenty-six nations are listed alongside a map of the region. The paper further discusses some of the lasting effects of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism on this region, including culture, economics, and politics.
From the Paper "By the early 1500s, both Spain and Portugal had well-established colonies throughout this area of the world. Spain's influence spread throughout all three sub-regions, while Portugal's influence was localized primarily in Brazil (Kicza, 2003)."
Abstract This paper discusses how the basis of expansion into the west relied on a great many factors in the 19th century. America was a nation had land and bountiful resources, which allowed immigration, trade and land grabbing to become prominent. The paper further discusses how America as a young nation, rely on aggressive and often brutal measures to gain land with foreign entities, such as the Native Americans and Mexicans, which helped fuel a cut-throat economy for a white hegemonic population.
From the Paper "This historical study will evaluate the critical point that led to American expansion during the 19th century, and why the economic and immigrant related polices that helped to make this country grow. By learning of the westward expansion, one can realize the power of immigration and economics that helped to expand the boundaries of a young country. In essence, the economic and immigrant based trends of the America as a nation to grow into world power beginning at the Atlantic Ocean, and ending at the Pacific Ocean by the end of the century. The economic power of early America in the 19th century was based on trade and through westward expansion. The economic affect that fur trading had on the American west can be found through supply and demand."
Abstract The paper discusses how it is possible that no nation on earth has relied historically as much as America has upon immigration. Many of its most brilliant minds and most important citizens were people who left behind the Old World for the promise of the new. The paper explains that as a result, the recent furor over illegal immigration has brought to light the fact that some Americans, while their concerns about people entering the country illegally in a time of war are perfectly understandable, perhaps forget that immigrants give a great deal to America that no indigenous group can or will.
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the School of the Americas, the secret school that trains assassins. According to the paper, the School of the Americas has been instructing Latin American military officers in the art of counter-insurgency warfare since 1946.
From the Paper "It is a wonder then that the modern expression of outrage over the abuses that are taking place as we speak and as a direct outgrowth of the contradictions of policy that allow the SOA to remain a viable institution, are so wide spread. The official record of the US has largely remained unchallenged, not surprising given that the nation and its official organizations have actively distanced themselves from open violations in the past. Yet, now, as many who protest the SOA feared such official denials have come to the public attention in the form of abuse in modern war death camps. "
Abstract After WWII a new group of political leaders emerged in Latin America. This paper examines this group and explains how it appealed to the working class voters that were ignored by previous rulers. The author shows how these new leaders were colorful, confrontational and were worshipped by the masses. Also examined are the rise and fall of these leaders which was equally spectacular. This paper looks at two leaders, Eva Peron in Argentina and Che Guevara in Chile, as examples of this new generation of leaders. Their lives reflects the promises and failures of this time.
From the Paper "Throughout the history of Latin America, new generations of leaders have appeared promising to bring prosperity to all Latin Americans. Around the time of the Great Depression, another one of these new generations of leaders made promises of prosperity to the people of Latin America. This new generation was known as the nationalist. They sought to rearrange the economic and social balance of power in Latin America. They wanted Latin America to control their own economic destiny, not foreign powers Great Britain or the United States. This trend swept across Latin America. The promises made by nationalist were grand but they failed to live up to the lofty expectations. The expectations and downfall of this period can be represented by the lives of two people, Che Guevara and Eva Peron."
Tags: nationalistic, patriot, leader, ruler, south, america
