Abstract
This paper traces the development of the J.C. Penney Company, an American department store chain founded in 1902, from its origin in Kemmerer, Wyoming, to its expansion into one of the most powerful discount merchandise and general retail companies in the U.S.A. J.C. Penney has stores in nearly every major metropolis nationwide, the largest catalog business, an Internet store and home furnishing television shows; however, the author states, Penney is not immune from the effects of the economic down turn. The paper describes the ways that this company is managing by rethinking its current structure and market campaigns, by opening and closing stores and by laying off employees.

Table of Contents:
Recent History of J.C. Penney
Success at the Turn of the Century
Economic Woes for the Corporation
J.C. Penney in the Market

From the Paper
'Although the company exhibits much higher grosses after buying out a number of smaller corporations, the profit J.C. Penney experiences after selling those corporation's products under its own name are not as great, as much of the earnings are due to the manufacturers and original corporations. In addition, the recent economic woes have also taken a serious toll on the J.C. Penney organization, as consumers are not as plentiful as they were just a few years ago. J.C. Penney continues, however, to offer new products, and merge with older companies."

Tags:competition, discount merchandising, shopping malls, store closings, brand

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the issues introduced in a case study presented by the University of Virginia, Graduate School of Business Administration, concerning the classic rivalry between FedEx and UPS. The paper interprets how the two companies evolved and competed over the years, and then defines the term "excellence" and suggests which company has it.

Table of Contents:
A Brief Background
The Competition
Globalization
Web Retail
Logistics
Information Technology (IT)
Integration
Performance Enablers and Inhibitors
The 1994 J.C. Penney's Announcement
Financial Analysis
Market Share
Stock Price
Financial Ratios
Beyond 1994
Conclusion

From the Paper
"FedEx is still the technology powerhouse and the market innovators in the industry. Its brand recognition is tied to their slogan, "absolutely, positively has to be there overnight," which is still repeated after several decades. This advantage stems from a high degree of reliability that FedEx commands in the industry. This reliability ties right into its tracking system, which is the industry gold standard.
"The most important inhibitor facing FedEx has been pride. While speeding along at a lightning pace in the 1970s and 80s and making unsound decisions to stave off the competition, UPS was slowly but consistently catching up."

Tags:innovation efficiency, profit margins, activity analysis, penny

Abstract
This paper is on a children's advertisement from J.C. Penney. Advertisements are often geared to draw the interests of the "child" in the adult. Boys are often used more than girls in advertisements.

Abstract
This paper discusses the JC Penney Corporation, explaining that it is a subsidiary of the parent corporation JC Penney Company as well as one of North America's largest and most well known retailers. The paper further reports that JC Penney operations extend across several sales channels including traditional department stores, retail outlets, catalogue sales, and e-commerce channels and that .C. Penney employees over 150,000 people across North and South America while operating in excess of 1,000 unique store locations. Additionally, J.C. Penney, while having lost market share in past years to its retail competitors such as Wal-Mart and Target Stores, J.C. Penney has maintained its position as the United States' largest catalogue merchant under its JC Penney Catalogue division which includes its e-commerce sales channel.

Tags:jc, penney, history

Abstract
This paper discusses that when Madam C.J. Walker "made straight hair 'good hair," in doing so, she made a fortune for herself. The writer describes how her business also managed to create a decent standard of living for a work force of "agents" that numbered 20,000 in the U.S. and the Caribbean". This paper discusses the life and business of Madam C.J. Walker, in the context of her times and the hair care and beauty business.

From the Paper
"At the turn of the century many women had need for income-producing employment despite limitations placed on them because of their gender. Many of them took advantage of a growing commercial and service economy and changes in cultural perceptions about what was acceptable for a lady to do to enhance her appearance. Madam C. J. Walker made straight hair good hair and in doing so made a fortune for herself and a decent standard of living for a work force of agents that ... "

Tags:African american, beauty, cosmetics, entrepreneur, female businesspersons, black pride

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the character Billy Kwan in C.J. Koch's novel, "The Year of Living Dangerously." Billy Kwan is a dwarf who is described as being at war with himself and ill-fitted for membership in any one group or ideology. The paper further explores Billy's tormented existence and his crisis of identity. This crisis is seen when Billy struggles over what course is best for Indonesia and for himself.

From the Paper
"In C.J. Koch's, 'The Year of Living Dangerously' Billy Kwan is an achondroplastic dwarf who seems to be at war with himself and ill-fitted for membership in any one group or ideology. The following paper will explore Billy's tormented existence and argue that his crisis of identity (he is part Chinese and part Australian) and his crisis of political philosophy (mistrusting the communists yet keenly sympathetic to how the poor of Jakarta or anywhere else could find it enticing in light of their own deprivations) are deeply entwined - largely because his experiences as..."

Tags:koch, living, dangerously

Abstract
The paper focuses on the protagonist's preoccupation with the idea of a post-modern 'oppressed subject' living in a democratic, capitalist society. The personal life and inadequacies of Senor C himself - which inspire in him an 'inner immigration' - are analyzed and contrasted against the framework of Senor C's at times contradictory and unrealistic political beliefs.

From the Paper
"In the post-9/11 geopolitical landscape, to critically engage with the moral and social implications of declaring war on a diffuse and indeterminate idea - on 'terror' itself, which, properly conceived, knows no geographical or national limit - means, inevitably, to confront what one might call the 'paradox of liberalism'. With the apparent 'advent of worldwide democracy' and, in the West, the concomitant resolution of so-called 'big issues' (civil war, overtly totalitarian governance, traditional warfare) there has been a problematic tendency of 'free' democratic states to attempt to launch an aggressive and sometimes ill-conceived abrogation of undemocratic elements (for example, terrorism, rogue states) which seeks, rather paradoxically, to secure, through force and coercion, a system of peace and freedom. In a post-Cold War, firmly capitalist polity, like the Australia in which Senor C, the protagonist of J.M. Coetzee's novel Diary of A Bad Year , lives, 'peace and security' is not just an elusive ideal but in fact is readily enjoyable but lulls, so Senor C leads us to believe, the populace into submission to a watchdog state whose existence is a violence in itself - a necessitation of the dominance of one over another. At its core, Diary of a Bad Year explores the relationship between the state and the subject who both willingly subjects himself state power and who must equally feel intense shame for the abuses and excesses of that power which circumscribes law to accommodate its banditry. In the novel there is no redemption for the oppressed that would, in other so-called 'post-secular' contemporary novels, be presented via supernatural forces or even in the narrative structure itself that pushes towards the resolution of its conflicts and thus implies a possibility for salvation. Predacity and its twins - fear and the subjection it impels - is couched in terms of the contract between the state and the so-called free market and the citizen who must march ineluctably to its drum or else stumble into obscurity, resorting to, as Senor C puts it, a kind of 'inner emigration'. While Senor C may cast this subaltern relationship with the state as inevitable - he points out, for instance, how even those people, like the French after World War II, who have a choice to begin afresh without the state as it is currently conceived cannot resist its pull - he nevertheless speaks of oppression and suffering in firmly political terms, as an extension of sociological processes, and so de-mystifies the source of human pain and suffering. The oppressed subject, therefore, is rendered so by the very forces which it is made to believe will ensure his security and freedom."

Tags:terror, post 9/11, oppression

Abstract
This paper examines Marriott International Inc., a world-wide leader in the field of hospitality companies. It looks at how the company became 75-years-old in the year 2002 and how it started as a small root beer stand that had been opened in Washington, DC in 1927 by J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott. It also examines how, today, it is a group of more then 2,600 lodging properties and has a total of 471,500 rooms all over the United States and 68 other countries and how the group has hotels distributed in 17 different categories, and the categories of the hotels are different. They have a total range from all-suite hotels to relatively simpler lodgings. The objective of having different brands is simple; they would like to meet the needs of all types of people.

Outline
History
Major Subsidiaries and their Distribution
Corporate Development
New Areas for Marriott
The Position of Marriott in the Hotel Industry
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Company was listed for the first time as Marriott Corporation and was listed first in New York Stock Exchange. Since then there have been quite a few activities that merit attention. The first was the conversion of the entity to a public limited company in 1953. In 1993, there was a division of Marriott International from Marriott Corporation. Then the name was changed to Host Marriott Corporation. Again, there was a separation of Marriott International from Host Marriott Corporation on March 27th, 1998. Then the old company of Marriott International was merged with another company and the name changed to Sodexho Marriott Services. The newly separated company that was formed, was then put in charge of the lodging, distribution services and senior living services business and was renamed Marriott International Inc in 1998 itself."

Tags:hotel, lodging, properties

Abstract
This paper explains the fact that Madame Walker, a millionaire who laid the foundation of America's first black plutocratic dynasty, is certainly incredible because she came from poverty, was orphaned at the age of six, and had no formal education. Walker's story is a fairy-tale that inspired an entire generation of black Americans to think beyond their limitations and to have faith in the future. The author points out that Walker created a market niche for black hair-straightening products by creating the amazing "Wonderful Hair Grower" and 23 other products, with annual gross earnings as high as $276,000 in 1917, employing around 3,000 employees, most of whom were females. The paper relates that a documentary film titled, "Two Dollars and a Dream," by Stanley Nelson, chronicles the life and struggles of Walker, the grande dame of personal hair care service and a source of inspiration for millions of women around the world.

From the Paper
"Walker had developed a strict code of conduct for women which was meant to empower females especially blacks. There was a respectable uniform that they were made to wear, consisting of white blouses and long black skirts. These uniforms helped in identification of Walker employees, these salespersons thus became a symbol of entrepreneurship and success for others in the downtrodden black areas. These uniforms also helped lure other females to the workforce and this helped in revolutionizing the way black women saw themselves and their future."

Tags:philanthropist, lifestyle, hair-straightening, poverty, fairy-tale

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Internet began in 1969 as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPA) during the Cold War. The author feels that the internet is perhaps today's most influential technological advance. The paper states that J.C.R changed the focus of development from war games to research in time-sharing, computer graphics and improved computer languages.

From the Paper
"ARPA became the technological think tank of the American defense effort, employing directly a couple of hundred top scientists and with a budget sufficient for subcontracting research to other top American institutions. Although the advanced computing would come to dominate its work, the initial focus of ARPA's activities was on space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring."

Tags:technological, advancements, sputnik, war, games, computer, graphics, languages