This paper argues that the United States's regular intervention into the domestic affairs of other countries has been the biggest cause of exponential growth in terrorist activities around the world.
Abstract This paper states that America's foreign policy, requiring military intervention by the United States every time something goes wrong in any corner of the world, has not resolved the conflict and has given rise to immense resentment against United States interests. The author believes that the Middle East conflict is the most perfect example of American intervention going haywire; the case of Lebanon is used as an example. The paper contends that even the United States cannot afford to intervene in every conflict, since its military and economic resources are limited, and America's intervention in internal insurgencies is likely to backfire.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Case against USA Intervention Counter-argument
Conclusion
From the Paper "We must bear in mind that current rise in organized terrorism has its roots in all such US interventionist attacks in Middle Eastern region. Deep-rooted resentment against America's double standards and its selfish interventionism has given birth to a chain of terrorist organizations that have now become a major threat to peace and security of Americans everywhere in the world."
Abstract This paper seeks to determine the 1982 military intervention of the United States in Lebanon. The paper explains that this beholds a many faceted justification for military action before diplomacy was even considered. The paper discusses how the wide variety of information on financial and military support for Israel decidedly offers an argument that limits the moral justification of saving the lives of PLO members, as well as the Christians, that had been killed due to combat between Arabs and the Israeli Army.
From the Paper "This political study will examine the 1982 origins of the military intervention by United States military forces in Palestine. By analyzing the various Israeli-Palestinian conflicts of this era, we see the nature of military intervention to protect Christian populations in Israel ultimately failed as a consequence of the U.S. Embassy bombing in 1983. The justification to provide safety for those Christians outside of the conflict between Arab and Jew was the main source for intervention, but failed due to policy issues and political/military misjudgments that were not taken into consideration within the Reagan Administration. In essence, the close ties with Lebanese/Christian Arabs and the support America had given financially to the building of a large Jewish army resulted in an unsuccessful military intervention in this region."
Abstract What were American policies toward Lebanon between 1945 and Desert Storm, and what were their bases and justifications? Were selfish national interests the main factor or were more egalitarian and humanitarian concerns the basis of US policy? This essay addresses those questions by assessing American policy in Lebanon as well as the common view of this small but strategic country in American eyes.
From the Paper "The "State of Greater Lebanon" was proclaimed by France in 1920 and then significantly enlarged as part of its post-World War I mandate. A new nation based on expansion of the Christian enclave of Mount Lebanon in the Ottoman Empire, Lebanon peacefully achieved its full independence from the French mandate in 1943. The country was destined to travel a strange and unpredicatble path in the ensuing fifty years: a model of stability and Westernism and a center of terror and civil war. In the American mind and heart during the latter part of the 20th century it became difficult to decide if the Lebanese were cultured polyglots or hooded terrorists. The powerful influence of the US in the Arab world after World War II created the need for sound policy based on clear objectives for Lebanon, but for several reasons both pragmatic and emotional decisions resulted. What were American policies toward Lebanon between 1945 and Desert Storm, and what were their bases and justifications? Were selfish national interests the main factor or were more egalitarian and humanitarian concerns the basis of US policy? This essay will address those questions by assessing American policy in Lebanon as well as the view of this small country in American eyes. It argues that the majority of decisions were the result of regional concerns involving the Arabs and Israelis or related to American self-interest and not based on the interests of the Lebanese people."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of three distinct organization interventions within the field of business technology. Each intervention is organized under my the author's management and is directed specifically towards the creation and refinement of a proposed e-commerce website meant to market and sell our products through the Internet. Beyond simply describing these three intervention proposals, this paper also addresses which consultation models will be most appropriate - both from the project standpoint as well as from my own leadership style - for each of the intervention situations. The consultation models include expert, pair-of-hands, and collaborative. Following that description, the paper then evaluates each of the interventions from the perspective of my own role as manager, assessing which would be most applicable given specific managerial skill sets.
Abstract In this discussion, the writer looks at justifications for international military interventions and rationale's for intervention. The writer examines the regional and geopolitical history of Iraq and Sudan in this regard. The writer also discusses human rights violations. This article looks at relevant literature and discussions and compares the intervention into Iraq with a possible military invention into Sudan.
From the Paper "This paper explores the literature and arguments surrounding the U.S. led intervention into Iraq, with justifications offered for an international intervention into Darfur Sudan today. The question posed is whether the conditions in Iraq leading up to U.S. intervention are comparable to those in Darfur currently and therefore whether they require similar armed military intervention. The paper concludes that the situations are dissimilar and only the conditions in Darfur mandate and authorize intervention. To answer the question the paper looks at the ... "
Tags: iraq, darfur, military intervention, genocide
Abstract This paper discusses a parent intervention program for divorced mothers of young children. It further stipulates that the parent is suffering from depression and is in need a an intervention program to assist the family. The concept of the intervention program is established, as well as the ideas that will be addressed within the program.
From the Paper "Researchers indicate that many mothers of newborns often develop hormonal changes that trigger depression. Recent news events in which depressed mothers have killed their children demonstrate that this issue is one of significant importance to our society. While feelings of this magnitude do not inflict all parents of newborns, those that are affected suffer in great numbers throughout the world. Additionally, mothers of children, (aged newborn to three years of age) who compound this emotional time with divorce are often alone, and in need of assistance in providing a stable environment for their children. With their worlds filled with new life, and the loss of a mate, this delicate period in a mother's existence can be quite overwhelming. Furthermore, these life complications can adversely affect the children of the home because there is a lack of emotional stability for the child to learn from. "
Abstract This paper looks at some of the of literature on play-based intervention. In particular, it looks at how using play as a means of intervention for children with various problems is a good way to get the child to participate and to do so in a way that is effective and valuable.
From the Paper "This is a critical review of some of the research literature on play-based intervention. Children learn from play and also are drawn to it, so using play as a means of intervention for children with various problems is a good way to get the child to participate and to do so in a way that is effective and valuable. Watson (2004) offers some of the rationale for play therapy, noting that when children play, they often enact some theme that is traumatic or negative for them. Among these are anxious anticipation at the beginning of kindergarten, the reenactment of a recent hospitalization or a frightening movie. "
Abstract The paper looks at how supportive intervention, also referred to as crisis intervention, means that the caregiver uses certain short-term and immediate methods to support and help those individuals who have experienced any incident or event that produces emotional, mental, physical or behavioral distress. The paper concludes that both conceptually and clinically, it is extremely important to encourage more links between trauma and grief thus acknowledging the inevitable overlap between the two.
From the Paper "In one study by Strobe, undertaken to assess the outcomes of the counseling offered by support groups and others, a method was developed, wherein the extent to which an individual would confront or avoid their losses, and the outcomes of this confrontation were measured. It was found that lower scores for a widow did not influence the outcome, and for a widower, a lower score predicted a poorer outcome. However, this fact became very obvious: that early intervention, offered by a professional clinician, is a very good idea in the immediate aftermath of a disaster or a trauma."
A research proposal that examines the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and a TB-treatment intervention on males who have been newly released from prison.
Abstract This research proposal aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and a TB-treatment intervention on males who have been newly released from New York City Prison/Correctional Facility (Riker's Island) and who have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease. It proposes a community intervention trial study, together with supporting background and rationale for the study.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Proposed Study
Specific Aims
Background and Significance
Understanding of the Problem
Rationale of the Proposed Study
Conceptual Framework
Research Methodology
Overview of Proposed Study
Study Design
Summary
From the Paper "This outbreak of TB was responsible for the deaths of 36 prisoners and one correctional officer, as well as the infection of a number of healthcare employees with a strain of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (Dooley, Jarvis, Martone & Snider, 1992). As Mueller points out, "Medical experts say when patients stop taking the medication at some point during the year, it can keep the patient from getting well and lead to a strain of TB which is partially resistant to such treatment" (p. 101). Likewise, Eckert suggests that noncompliance with treatment regimens represents one of the most important reasons multi-drug resistant strains of TB have evolved in recent years. According to Eckert, "Many patients, for example, abandon treatment when their symptoms disappear but before all of the illness-causing pathogens are effectively killed. The tuberculosis-causing bacterium, for instance, has become increasingly difficult to treat, as too many patients have prematurely abandoned the six-month course of antibiotics" (p. 166). In this regard, Mueller points out that, "This is why health care staff members emphasize direct observation of patients taking their medication" (p. 101). Such comprehensive oversight, though, may be beyond the capabilities of some correctional facilities, as well as their ability to adequately train their staff in appropriate universal precautions that are needed when working with such populations."
Abstract This paper evaluates methods organizations can adopt to help promote greater gender diversity. These methods include conducting annual diversity surveys, providing team building seminars and encouraging team building efforts within the organization. Such efforts lay the groundwork for building a culture that promotes diversity and encourages women to excel at all levels of the organization. It also works to provide women the tools they need to succeed within the organization and within a group setting.
Outline:
Intervention Methods and Diversity in the Organization
Direct Methods of Establishing Diversity Competence
Indirect Methods of Establishing Diversity Competence
Conclusions
From the Paper "Traditional intervention methods may include various techniques and tools used to eliminate the cultural biases that exist within enterprises large and small. Intervention methods basically involved direct and indirect actions that one engages in to alter certain events or behaviors to improve the performance of a group and reduce behaviors considered undesirable (Garmston, 2004). Interventions may be helpful in promoting greater empowerment among groups that are traditionally singled out in the workplace, including women."
Abstract This paper discusses the reasons behind Syria's interventions in Lebanon since 1976, its justifications therefore and the consequences of the Syrian presence there. It expands on Syria's interventions in Lebanon's civil wars and the subsequent role played by Syria. The paper offers background of the intervention.
An analysis of the correlation between the principles of liberalism, realism and international society theory and the American decision to intervene in Lebanon in 1958.
Abstract This paper looks for the best explanation for the American decision to intervene in Lebanon in 1958 by analyzing three theoretical schools - realism, liberalism and the international society theory. It examines the decision-makers involved, identifies their motivations and analyzes the justifications they offered for deploying American troops. The paper then compares these factors to the principles of liberalism, realism and international society theory in order to determine whether there is a correlation.
From the Paper "In this bipolar world, instability in a particular region or country was often seized upon as a pretext for power projection by Moscow or Washington, and Lebanon provided Washington in 1958 with a justification to demonstrate American power and resolve in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, which produced perceptions of Western weakness. (Korbani 21-52) In addition, it has been suggested that the intervention was also an attempt by Eisenhower to assuage French bitterness over his harsh criticism of French actions during the Suez Crisis in 1956, and was a conciliatory gesture in the form of intervening in France's former colony of Lebanon in order to protect French economic and political interests."
Abstract This paper explains that Lebanon's massive debt, which exceeds $35 billion and which is attributed to the substantial expenditure to rectify the damages to the infrastructure caused by the civil war and continued borrowing and spending, is taking away most of the government's revenues in terms of debt servicing; however, Lebanon has registered a marked improvement in economic performance. The author points out that the Paris II conference in 2002 committed over $4 billion to Lebanon in the form of soft loans, subject to the condition that Lebanon would implement specific reforms, including privatization. The paper relates that the International Monetary Fund, while commending the improvement of macroeconomic parameters, has expressed deep concern at the rising debt levels and lack of progress in privatization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lebanese Economy and Economic Trends
Agreements with IMF
Lebanon's Debt Position
National Income
Treasury performance
Privatization
Recommendations for Improving the Debt Position of Lebanon Rationalization of National Expenditures
Improve Macroeconomic Stabilization
Free Trade
Proceed with Structural Reforms
Better Debt Management
Improving the Functioning of Finance Sector and Banking Sector
Focus on Infrastructure
Flexible Exchange Rates
Other Recommendations
From the Paper "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has projected that the growth in GDP growth of 5 percent in 2004. Although the Iraq war did affect trade, Lebanon managed to achieve a real GDP growth of about three percent in 2003, even while keeping inflation under tight control. Added to this is the depreciation of the US dollar, which has resulted in greater price competitiveness for Lebanese goods and services, since the Lebanese pound is pegged to the dollar. Another reason is the substantial increase in the capital inflows in 2003, due to increase in Arab savings and good returns on deposits. For instance, yields on two year deposits and treasury bills have settled around 8 percent. Consequently, the liquidity showed a growth of 15 percent in 2003. Gross reserves were around USD 10 billion, However, the current account deficit declined only marginally to about 13 percent of the GDP."
Tags: privatization, structure, loans, recommendations, imf
Abstract In this paper the author examines the industry and infrastructure of Lebanon. He looks at the changes the country has undergone over the past few decades. The author highlights how Lebanon is both oil rich, and high in demand because of its strategic geographical location within the Middle East. The author tells us that in order to fully take advantage of this country's vast resources, an understanding of its people, its economy, as well as the politics behinds its complex government system must be achieved. The paper proceeds to discuss all of these aspects of Lebanon, in the hope that the reader will have a better understanding of the country. He concludes that there is great business potential in Lebanon which has not yet been tapped. With businesses to buffer its infrastructure, Lebanon will once again emerge as a power within the Middle Eastern area, which is why this country is ideal for foreign investments.
From the Paper "The actual figures for the growth of this country are significant. The annual GDP currently stands at 18.8 billion dollars. Although this is not large in relation to other countries in the region, proportionally it is much better than the state of financial affairs a decade before. The real growth rate is around 4% and increasing every year as the infrastructure of Lebanon improves. As of the 2000 census, most of the nation's GDP comes from the services sector of the economy which makes up 67% of the total GDP. The rest is split between agriculture which controls 12%, and industry, which takes the rest of the 21%. The labor force which consists of 2.6 million has within its population almost a million people that are foreign workers. These workers are split between the industrial and agricultural employment within Lebanon. The unemployment rate is still abnormally high at 18%, but with the recent privatization of many industries this figure is forecasted to drop. The real danger is that the current poverty rate within Lebanon is an astounding 28%. Which means that 28% of the population is below the poverty line in the country. Without a tangible welfare system to aid the poor, a full quarter of the country is in a state of starvation and extreme poverty."
Abstract This paper explains that Lebanon was an important international financial center through 1975; but, since 1975 the Lebanese economy has seldom had a chance to function efficiently and monetary stability frequently has proven to be elusive. This paper points out that the current exchange rate policy followed by Lebanon is a managed float targeted to the United States dollar. The author reports that Egypt's current exchange rate policy is the same as Lebanon's managed float; but Israel follows a composite currency peg policy, which assigns proportional weights to a basket of currencies to establish the exchange value for their currency and reflects that country's international trade, capital flows and other relevant economic aggregates. Annotated Bibliography.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Overview
Current Exchange Rate Policy
Comparing Lebanon's Exchange Rate Policy with Those of Egypt and Israel
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since 1992, the government of Lebanon has faced-up to the job of restoring economic stability and confidence in the country. The government and the Central Bank of Lebanon also have broken the hold on the country's the economy of the vicious circle of inflationary financing and instability of the rate of exchange of the Lebanese pound. These actions primarily were manifestations of the dire political status in which Lebanon found itself as both a pawn and a battleground for Israelis, Syrians and Arab militant organizations."
