Abstract The paper offers a definition of terrorism and explains that internationalterrorism is intended to be on a broader scale, with largely recognized targets so as to capture the attention of the world community. The paper brings September 11, 2001 as a vivid example. The paper discusses how internationalterrorism has grown with modern communication and technology. The paper looks at terrorism in the late 1960s, in South America, in Vietnam and in the 1970s. The paper concludes by explaining how internationalterrorism is distinguished by three distinctive characteristics.
Outline:
Introduction
The Late 1960s
South America
Vietnam
The Cold War Era of the United States and Russia
The 1970s
Conclusion
From the Paper "Acts of international terrorism can be traced as far back as 1931, with the first documented hijacking of an airline passenger jet in Peru. However, depending upon how you define "international terrorism," international terrorism might be traced even further back, during the Christian crusades in the Holy Land. There was, too, the French Revolution, which was preceded by acts of violence committed by covert agents of change. The American Revolution was effectuated in large part by covert agents acting against British law and authority and perpetrating acts of violence against the British soldiers."
Abstract This paper attempts to take an even-handed approach to understanding internationalterrorism. The author presents three examples of terrorism and shows why an organization would resort to terrorist activities. The types of terrorism discussed by the paper include ideological terrorism, terrorism for the liberation of an oppressed minority and state sponsored terrorism. The author concludes that internationalterrorism is motivated by an organization's inability to use traditional, accepted, and legitimate channels of activity to accomplish the political, ideological, or religious goals of the group.
From the Paper "An example of ideological terrorism, the Baader-Meinhof group in Germany became a leading left wing group in West Germany. As West Germany was dominated by United States notions of democracy, the left wing Red Army Faction was thus going against the grain of society. Described by government forces as a terrorist group, it saw itself a military group who was forced to rely on urban guerilla tactics to achieve their aim. The roots of the organization were those who were originally students, but the opposition grew as Communism was outlawed and many ex-Nazi right-wingers came to assume political office. This growing threat of right wing influences in the government motivated the youth as did a series of inciting events including a death of a student, shot by a member of the military. The rising tension led to a strong left opposition and a right counter-response which led to the formation of the Red Army Faction. After training with the PLO, the Red Army Faction returned to stop the urban imperialistic course of Germany instigating a series of bank robberies and arson attacks. The actions of the Red Army faction culminated in the German Autumn in 1977 in which there were substantial amounts of deaths, an important hi-jacking with Arab ties, and the ultimately resulted in the death of many of the key members of the Baader-Meinhof Group. This time was a time of fear among Germans after World War II. The objectives were never clear, but the group was in opposition to the right wing tendencies of West German and was in support of a more leftist government. Thus it was an ideological war being fought that resulted in failure as there was fear, but not substantial gains made by the Red Army Faction. "
Abstract This paper addresses the problem in creating a comprehensive definition of terrorism, noting that defining terrorism more clearly is a beginning point for further discussion. How the term is defined can determine what solutions are offered. Internationalterrorism creates particular problems because what is seen as terrorism in one context or by one particular observer may not be seen that way by another.
From the Paper "Terrorism is a label for various forms of political violence directed at a civilian population by a non-military group trying to spread terror in order to force some political end. Americans more and more use the term as short-hand for attacks by Muslim groups, but terrorism around the world may have nothing to do with a specific religious group or political structure at all. The target of terrorism has often been the West, but terrorism can be directed at any regime that some group wants to influence. The approach taken is to frighten the populace in order to force the government to capitulate to some demand, even to the extent of demanding a complete change not merely of leadership but of the very form of government and of political ideology."
Abstract This paper discusses the United Nations has played a leading role in the 1990s to deal with the reality of internationalterror. This paper addresses various situations in which the United Nations acted upon terrorism attacks. Another point addressed in this paper is the extra resources that the United Nations bring to the table that deters terrorism to a point.
This in-depth paper analyzes the changing role of law enforcement administrators and agencies around the world in the face increasing global terrorism.
Abstract This well-researched paper opens with a comprehensive and historic look into both the American and British law enforcement agencies. The writer of this paper traces the origins of the British Sheriff's office back to the Norman Conquest which took place in 1066. This paper delves into the significant increase of internationalterrorism while focusing on the effectiveness of various law enforcement agencies in America and around the world in combating this growing problem. This paper discusses the views and opinions of several historians regarding the increase and decrease of crime and terror from the medieval times and up to the present. The writer of this paper examines specific historic events and their resulting impact on global terrorism including the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cold War and the 9/11 terror attacks. This paper analyzes the manner in which the Bush Administration moved to establish additional intelligence and enforcement cooperation among the existing agencies in order to more effectively face terrorist threats such as al-Qaida. This paper contains detailed and in-depth historical facts and dates relevant to this particular topic. This paper also examines the manner in which recent advancements and progress in technology are assisting law enforcement agencies around the world to thwart off potential threats of terror.
From the Paper "Various historians have offered various different reasons for the unexpected decrease in the crime rate during the comparatively modern times, and there were some who assumed that perhaps it was industrialization and urbanization and modernization that contributed to this phenomenon. There were some other scholars and researchers who theorized that in actuality crime had not diminished, but had in fact shifted form bodily assaults that were popular in those times, to crimes that were more or less closely related to property, which also indicated that the nature of crime had shifted from an innate scarcity and paucity, to a greater prosperity as well as a free availability of material goods and possessions during modern times. There is also another form of opinion, which states that the decrease in crime seemed to have happened irrespective of industrialization and urbanization."
Abstract This paper discusses internationalterrorism and the fact that it is difficult to define. The paper suggests that despite the lack of a clear image, terrorism has been discussed and analyzed from various perspectives, political and scholarly alike. The paper looks at some of the conclusions from the literature and discusses how these could point to a more coherent identification of terrorism and a future course of action.
From the Paper "In today's world, there are certain elements that have influenced modern terrorist movements and the moral support of leaders from abroad is of great importance as a source of inspiration for the terrorist groups. Thus, Leninist extremists have been seen to promote different socialist visions that have been kept from the early beginnings of the centuries; similarly, the influence of the addresses made by certain leaders such as Osama bin Laden via the network cable or the Internet are essential for maintaining the ideological identification of the group with its leader which, in case of fanatics, embodies the essence of the cause they fight for. In such situations, there is little that can actually be done. The war against terrorism has been waged for years now, without a definite result or a prospect for a final outcome. However, the only alternative would be to deny ourselves every possibility of eventually catching leaders such as Osama bin Laden. Inaction or a stop in the quest against terrorist perpetrators would transmit precisely a message of surrender and capitulation in the face of terror."
Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of passive support of internationalterrorism from a legal standpoint. It questions whether there is any normative ground to assess the relationship between terrorist organizations and their harbor states. The paper contends that there is a close relationship between the principle of territorial sovereignty and an international obligation to deny passive support, including both an obligation of due diligence and a proactive duty to prevent international terrorist acts.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Passive Support Motivations
Domestic Politics
Types of Passive Support
Acquiescence, Connivance, and Collusion
Encouraging and Tolerating
Toleration and Inaction
Some Concluding Observations
Territorial Sovereignty and Obligation to Deny Passive Support
Sovereign Integrity and the Due Diligence Obligation
The Attribution of Knowledge
Duty to Act and Prevent
Conclusions
From the Paper "The relationship between the principle of territorial sovereignty and an international obligation to deny passive support may be appraised in the light of at least two different legal obligations: the obligation of due diligence and the proactive duty to prevent international terrorist acts. In both cases, the attribution of knowledge may be critical in establishing the link between international terrorist organizations and their host states. The main criterion to attribute knowledge, as was established in the Corfu Channel case, is clear evidence that the same state knew or ought to have known. The evidence could also be indirect, proved, for example, by official notes. Applying this criterion to hold passive sponsors responsible for the failure to act in due diligence and prevent terrorist acts, however, may not answer the question of whether the argument of self-defense is lawful. As was discussed above, the legality of the argument of self-defense will instead depend on the normative framework of the use of force. Nevertheless, establishing a clear link between terrorist organizations and their host states may influence the way the international community will respond to the argument of self-defense against states that harbor international terrorist organizations."
Abstract The paper explores how internationalterrorism is related to and often dependent on modern communications technology and the connectivity in our social, economic and personal environment. The paper looks at cyber-terrorism and shows how the spread of terrorism is an almost unavoidable result of the proliferation of electronic media and technology.
Outline:
Introduction
Extremist Groups and Technology
Divergent Groups and Communication
Varieties of Cyber-Terrorism Conclusion
From the Paper "The growth of terrorism in our contemporary world is a fact that is without doubt one of the greatest threats to peace and civilization today. The question that may be asked is why has terrorism become such a global and international threat to the world? Terrorism as a style of protest and even warfare, characterized by the aim of instilling fear and terror in certain countries or people is not something new in history. Terrorism in some form or another is evident, even from a brief glance at human history. However, in our age, terrorism is international and is often coordinated between different countries and regions of the world."
Tags: cyber-terrorism, hackers, Internet, extremist, groups
Abstract This paper explains that the unprecedented impact of 9/11 on the consciousness of America and the international community is a new kind of globalized fear surrounding security, which is the product of shared cultural, political and technological factors characterizing the globalized world against another distinct culture, which aims to destroy rather than build or maintain life. The author points out the interrelationship of countries by relating that Arafat's Palestinian Authority documents unmistakably showed that the PA received money from Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq, which then was given to terrorist commanders for acts of terrorism against Israelis. The paper relates that the FBI categorizes internationalterrorism in the U.S. into three categories: (1) Activities of foreign sponsors, such as Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba and North Korea, which used terrorism as an operational tool of foreign policy in the past; (2) formalized terrorist groups, such as the Lebanese Hezbollah, Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyya of Egypt and the HAMAS of Palestine and (3) loosely affiliated international radical extremists who do not represent a particular country, such as those behind the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 in New York City.
From the Paper "Developments in the international scene have enabled mass-casualty terrorism. Perceived and gross inequalities in economic resources and standards of living among nations in the world have motivated international terrorism and determined the level of ferocity and viciousness of attacks. Poverty was often blamed as the main cause of domestic terrorism, although there appears no "comprehensive correlation between" poverty and terrorism. But it is different in the international scenario. Free-market globalization gave the Islamic world access to Western values and institutions and this offers explanation for the growth of international terrorism, which is the weaker party's occasion to hit back."
Abstract This paper quotes several expert sources on the topic of terrorism and uses these sources to provide a definition of terrorism, a look at its origins and objectives and a look at its advantages. The paper also explains terrorism's links with communist totalitarianism and Islamic radicalism and describes terrorism's effects on the security of Europe. Furthermore, the paper takes a look at the future problems associated with terrorism and possible methods for dealing with terrorism.
From the Paper "Terrorism also addresses goals, whether these goals are motivated by political, religious or ideological objectives. The essence of terrorism is the intent to induce fear in someone other than its victims to make a government or other audience change its political behavior."
Abstract In this report, the writer discusses Christian and Islamic fundamentalists with regards to terror. The writer examines the Islamic concept of political development. The writer looks at the fight of Christian fundamentalists to do away with the separation of church and state. The writer also discusses the threats of modern internationalterrorism.
From the Paper "The rising tide of Islamic fundamentalism led by the successors of the late Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran tends to pit Muslim against Muslim in countries such as Egypt. Islamic fundamentalists as is true of Christian fundamentalists in the United States tend to view all issues in black and white terms all that they believe in is white good and all that others believe in is black evil. Of supreme importance in the Islamic concept of political development is the ... "
Tags: Christian, fundamentalism, Islamic, fundamentalism, Terror
Abstract This paper discusses the way the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack has affected people's ability to discuss terrorism dispassionately. The paper begins by defining terrorism and then presents some possible causes of terrorism. The paper suggests the United States' responsibility in dealing with terrorism and gives the writer's personal view on the issue.
Table of Contents:
Causes of Terrorism What is Terrorism?
Protecting Ourselves from Terrorism- a) Follow International Law
Protecting Ourselves from Terrorism- b) Domestic Measures
Conclusions
From the Paper "Terrorism is such a misused word that one person's terrorist is another ones freedom fighter. Bin Laden and his criminal gang were described as 'Mujahideen- the Holy Warriors' by the western media and their indiscriminate terrorist attacks during soviet occupation and pro-soviet Afghan government days were projected as freedom struggle and acts of bravery. The international politics has thus not permitted building a formal definition. The United States Congress has defined [22 U.S.C. [sections] 2656 f(d)(1)-(2) (1994)] "terrorism" as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents"; "international terrorism" is defined as "terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than 1 country" [Reisman, 1999]. This definition does not consider state terrorism or state sponsored terrorism, which is often the case, as international terrorism often requires a hideout and a sympathetic or covertly supporting state."
Abstract The paper examines the benefits and costs of terrorism for the terrorist and reveals that, although the international position in regard to terrorism is clear, no specific act or laws exist to prevent and punish these crimes. The paper reveals further that globalization and market liberalization can easily be perceived as a force increasing the opportunity cost of becoming a terrorist. Finally, the paper evaluates the economic impact of terrorist acts on international powers.
Outline:
Abstract
Terrorists' Incentives
Anti-Terrorist Policies
Policy Instruments and How They Affect Terrorism Economic Consequences
Conclusions
From the Paper "What was once seen on television as part of temporary news broadcasts is now more and more present to even become a global threat. Terrorism is "the threat or use of violence, often against the civilian population, to achieve political or social ends, to intimidate opponents, or to publicize grievances" (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). The most jeopardizing feature of terrorism for a community is given by the fact that it most often targets innocent civilians and it becomes a danger to all of us, everywhere we may be: the shopping mall, the street, the train or even our workplace. "Terrorism, like the plague in the Middle Ages, frightens both leaders and citizens. It is a disease that is spreading, its cure is unknown" (Deutch, 1997). But aside from the social aspect of terrorist attacks, there are also other major implications in the field of economics and politics. The major economic effects could revolve around the flourishing or decline of certain industrial sectors or the effects felt by the operations of international trade."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that since the events of September 11, 2001 the reality and threat of internationalterrorism has increased. This threat has also extended to the danger of domestic terrorism, with the subsequent increase of security concerns within the United States and around the globe. The writer points out that the study of terrorism and the cause or causes of terrorist actions have therefore assumed a high profile in many disciplines, including the important area of international relations. The writer discusses that among the cardinal reasons for terrorist activities are perceptions of inequality and discrimination on economic as well as political and ethnic levels. The writer maintains that this is by no means the only cause of terrorism but many of the other causes can be derived or related to this basic concern.
From the Paper "While the focus has generally been on ways and methods of preventing and fighting terrorism, there has been an increasing focus on the necessity to determine the underlying causative facets that motivate and precipitate terrorist actions. There is a growing realization that only through a clear understanding of these primary and fundamental causes can the specter of terrorism be practically reduced."
"However, the question of the causative factors of terrorism cannot be easily answered in any simplistic or definitive way. There are many complex variables and aspects that have to be considered in order to come to a fundamental assessment of the causes of these extreme actions. The facets that underlie and act as fundamental " triggers" of terrorist actions are often interrelated, so that there are in most cases a number of factors that combine to create the environment and the sense of justification for terrorist actions. The following is only a partial list of various possible causes of terrorism."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the terrorist threat to firms in international business. The writer discusses the nature of contemporary terrorism and the global scope of the terrorist threat. Security audits, including interim audits by managers are also examined. Further, the writer discusses the general need for awareness and vigilance.
