Abstract This paper explains the requirements of a cooperative and stable internationaleconomic order through the context of global trade and financial relations. The author points out the historical perspective and some solutions to a better interdependency of the opposing forces in the global arena. The paper describes the evolution of financial markets through time and the progression of trade through advancements in both technological and relational aspects.
From the Paper "The world today is regarded as a "global village"; the rapidity with which information is exchanged, the speed of transport and the ease of communication have become standard. However, to understand how this came about involves taking a deeper look into the introduction of various international organizations and the way in which politics and economics are intricately connected. The realist approach to international relations assumes that there is anarchy, not in the sense of chaos and disorder but the actual absence of "world government" - there is no higher authority to which all states are subjected to and which is to have jurisdiction into states domestic issues."
This paper discusses whether domestic interest groups are the principal explanation for the internationaleconomicpolicies adopted by countries. This paper is relevant to political economy, international relations, and political science studies.
Abstract This paper shows that domestic interest groups are not the principal explanation of foreign economicpolicies. There are other variables that are relatively important, such as domestic state actors, domestic institutions, and internationalization. First, the paper reviews the domestic interest group explanation, highlighting its explanatory strength and weakness. Second, the paper demonstrates that there is a domestic political process behind the formation of internationaleconomicpolicies, in which state actors and institutions play important roles. Third, the paper discusses the effects of internationalization on domestic politics and mentions the Putnam two-level game as a framework to move beyond the state-societal and domestic-international distinctions that give primacy to one explanatory factor. Prior to concluding remarks, the paper also notes the influence of exogenous factors, in particular, major crises. Finally, the paper provides concluding remarks.
From the Paper "Political coalitions and cleavages could form based on factoral, sectoral or firm based interests. Ronald Rogowski (1989) grounds his analysis in the Stolper-Samuelson model to argue that factors that gain and lose from international trade flows form distinct political coalitions that mark the political cleavages domestically. Therefore the level of trade, given endowments of labor, land and capital, generate predictable shifts in the domestic political cleavages. Jeffry Frieden (1991) and Peter Gourevitch (1986) provide specific factor models in which coalitions are based on sectors rather than factors of production. Politics will pit towards cleavages such as those between producers of nontradables and tradables or multinational and national firms. Coalitions can also rest on firm interests and their convergence with one another. Helen Milner (1988) argues that different degrees of export dependence by firms affect preferences towards international foreign policies."
Abstract This paper discusses China's economicpolicy and growth refracted through its foreign policies, its geo-political designs, and its internal consumption patters vis-a-vis energy and specifically petroleum. The research design is qualitative in approach and the conclusion is that while China has, in the past, united its foreign policy with that of its economicpolicy, and visa-versa, it has now begun to unwed these particular governmental dimensions with uncertain results. In the future, China is seen as possibly undermining the economic growth it was worked so hard to achieve by uncoupling foreign and economicpolicies.
From the Paper "Table of Contents Introduction 04 Economic Theory 04 Applied Theory 06 Literature Review 06 Foreign Policy as an Economic Weapon 07 Monetary Policy 19 Economics of Petroleum 23 Methodology 28 Philosophical Rationale 28 Theoretical Foundations 29 Research Design 30 Empirical Findings 30 Conclusion 31 References 33 China: Dimensions of Economic Growth Introduction Economic Theory The neoclassical approach to the study of economics hinges on the allocation of resources that are distributed across needs and satisfactions. Supply and demand is often used to characterize neoclassical economics and is useful in that the economic investment in capital: human, physical, or intellectual, is the primary driver behind the theory of supply and demand and the meta-theory of neoclassicism. Neoclassical theory prefers that individuals behave rationally in the market which, consequently ensures that products and services are consumed efficiently and that, by extension, enterprises generate profit just as efficiently. "
Abstract This paper examines various economicpolicies of the U.S. federal government. It deals specifically with monetary policy, antitrust policy, regulatory policy and import quotas--looking at what some of the government policies have been, why they were formulated and how well they have succeeded in producing their intended effects.
Outline
I. Monetary Policy A. Federal Reserve
1. History
2. Purpose
3. Policy 4. Effects
II. Antitrust Policy A. Purpose
B. Sherman Act
C. Federal Trade Commission Act
D. Clayton Act
E. Federal Trade Commission
F. Effects
III. Regulatory Policy A. Purpose
B. Interstate Commerce Act
C. Interstate Commerce Commission
D. Effects
IV. Import Quotas
A. Purpose
B. International Trade Commission
C. Television Imports
D. Steel Imports
E. Effects
From the Paper "In 1977, in response to a petition filed with the ITC by the electronics industry, the U.S. set a quota on the number of television sets that could be imported from Japan (Canto 74). Although imported sets from Japan fell, imported sets from Taiwan and Korea rose to the point that total imports of televisions was unchanged; the U.S. response was to impose quotas on those countries as well (Canto 75). The net result was a negligible impact on the U.S. economy, because while imports of whole sets declined, imports of television parts rose sharply as foreign sets were assembled in the U.S. (Canto 77-80)."
Abstract This paper examines the United States' past and future economicpolicy, with the purpose of recommending future economicpolicy to the President of the United States. The first part of this paper summarizes economic development over the past ten years. This includes unemployment, deficit spending, trade imbalance, and inflation. Part Two of this paper suggests economicpolicy direction for the coming years.
From the Paper "There are a number of given reasons by economists to explain the end to the economic expansion that the nation experienced during most of the Clinton years. Some blame the Federal Reserve, (Solmon, Zycher, 2001) for the downturn in 2000. Alan Greenspan is credited by many for excellent stewardship of the nations economic health during the 1990s. However, starting in 1999 and into 2000 many point to Greenspan's hiking of the interest rate one or two times too many in contributing to the reversal of economic fortune in the country. To compound to problem, he then waited too long to reverse the interest rate hikes as the economy softened. (Solmon, Zycher) The Federal Reserve Board eventually brought the interest rate down to 45-year lows, but the benefits of "cheap" money has taken a while to kick in."
Abstract This paper discusses the economicpolicies of Great Britain from 1945 up until the present day. It discusses both conservative and labor policies and shows how they differed. The paper ends by discussing the rise and implementation of the "new labor" policies. It particularly focuses on Tony Blair's vision of government and politics, including his concept of the "third way."
Table of Contents:
1945-1979
The Thatcher-Major Years
A New Context
The Recent Economic and Social History of the United Kingdom
The Political Situation in Britain
The Left/Right Division
Globalization
The Rise of "New Labour"
How New Is New Labour?
The Characteristics Blair's Policies The Limits of Blairism
From the Paper "After World War II, a new economic philosophy called "Keynesianism" - different from the "laissez-faire" of old - became prevalent; to his main proponent, John Maynard Keynes (1883-1945), free operation of the market was a good thing but it might prove insufficient to ensure full employment in the long term. The State itself should therefore see to it that effective demand (Keynes attached primary importance to it rather than supply) was always renewed by spending money (expanding the money supply, a policy known as reflation) in order to increase purchasing power and encourage private investment, i.e. rejuvenate economic activity. The government had therefore to be much more interventionist and to operate demand management (which meant economic planning). This is what the Labour government did when the core of the economy (steel, coal, airlines, railways, banks, petroleum, telephone logic), seen as too important to be left to the marketplace, was nationalized."
Abstract This paper is a narrative outline of U.S. economicpolicy and economic indicators as they affect Nike.
From the Paper "Monetary Policy: Nike. The actions of the Federal Reserve have helped Nike to prosper by controlling inflation, reducing unemployment, increasing the standard of living for most Americans and providing a stable foreign exchange rate. (Weston et al) The Federal Reserve regulates money supply and interest rates, determines monetary policy, aims to encourage economic growth, control inflation, reduce unemployment to acceptable levels and stabilize the exchange rate between the U S dollar and foreign currencies in the foreign exchange marketplace."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the economicpolicies that are generally held by the Democrat, Republican and Independent political parties in the United States. These political parties are extremely diverse in their treatment of the national economy and therefore only generalizations can be made: This is particularly true in respect to the Independent Party, which is composed of various political theories such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, both of which have enormously diverse economicpolicies.
Abstract The paper describes the hardships that both South Korea and Israel endured during the 1960s. The paper then discusses the role of government financing, investment and the use of economic nationalism in both countries and shows the similarities between the economic evolutions and the state's interventions. The paper relates, however, that the current economic situation is somewhat different; in South Korea, the decrease in government intervention led to significant corruption, while in Israel this led to economic innovation and integration in today's modern world of globalization.
From the Paper "Without doubt, the 1960s represent the main time frame in which South Korea and Israel laid the framework for future economic prosperity. Not only that, the most torrid economic development occurred at this time. The most critical propellant of this prosperity, of which will be the primary topic of this paper, was the state-led policy linkages shared between South Korea and Israel. Discussion will be limited to the 1960s because this decade predated nearly twenty years of economic decline for both nations, and also because of the above-mentioned reasons. Further exploration of this intervention will focus on government financing, investment, and the use of economic nationalism."
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the economicpolicies and actions of the Carter Administration. The paper discusses the condition of the American economy when President Carter took office and the attitude of the American public.
Abstract This essay analyses the economic reforms carried out during the 1980's and 1990's in Australia. The essay looks at the reasons for the changes as well as the impacts of such reforms. Finally, the essay questions whether such reforms worked to benefit the Australian economy and people. During the 1980's and 1990?s, the institutions of economic governance changed in response to poor economic performance, globalisation, and technological developments. The major change was a shift from Keynesian economicpolicy to microeconomic policy. The purpose of this essay is to examine the impacts of liberal reforms and to address any continuing questions.
From the Paper "During the 1980's and 1990?s, there were various changes carried out. One such change was a decline in tariff protection. In 1974, the Whitlam Government announced a 25% across the board tariff cut (Quiggin, 1996), followed by the Hawke labour government further reducing tariffs to 5% over a period ending in 1992 (Quiggin, 1996). In 1993, Paul Keating effectively enacted a zero tariff campaign. Apart from several troubled sectors such as textiles and car manufacturing, the zero tariff result was achieved under the Howard government in the last years of the century (Brennan & Pincus, 2002). Following the recommendations of the Campbell and Martin Committees of Inquiry, another microeconomic reform occurred in October 1983, with the floating of the Australian dollar."
Abstract Since World War II developing countries in South America have been provided with the option of adopting one of three different economic development strategies-- structuralism, neo-liberalism, and Marxism. This essay examines the economic and political results engendered by each approach and determines what these results suggest for future economicpolicy choices in the region. Three countries lend themselves to this analysis. Cuba, since the overthrow of the Batista regime and the establishment of Castro's Marxist government, has pursued economic development along Marxist lines. In Argentina a structuralist economic order under Juan Peron gave way to a neo-liberalist orientation. In Chile, a neo-liberal experiment between 1974 and 1990 took place and this experiment has led to structural change in the national economy.
From the Paper "Under Raul Alfonsin and the Radical Party, efforts to reconcile democratization with rapid development and social justice were largely frustrated by a succession of failed stabilization plans (Smith, 1991). A catastrophic economic collapse led to a convincing victory by Peronist Carlos Menem in the May 1989 presidential contest. This ushered in a wave of neoliberal, free market reforms designed to restructure the Argentine economy along the lines of a so-called Washington Consensus (Smith, 1999). In essence, Menem rejected the structuralist, populist, and statist postulates defended by Peronism since the 1940s."
Abstract This paper compares the economic reforms and the results of those reforms of both Russia and China during the 1990s and analyzes why Russia's economy has made a dismal performance whereas China's has emerged successful. The paper explains that Russia tried a "shock" approach to economic reforms, while China took a more gradual approach to reforms and, perhaps this fundamental difference in approach is the primary reason that one country has done well while the other has suffered. The paper also consider the historical conditions of each country and how these conditions influenced the outcome of the economic reforms as well as how the differences in the allocation of resources affected the economic reforms and their outcome.
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Ever since the beginning of 1990s, the attention of the world has been concentrated on the persistently emerging relationship between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Much has been authored on the costs and benefits of such relationship and the prevailing analysis already tends to support China as one of the dominating states to come out in the coming decades in comparison to Russia. (Russia and China: Business Partners, Weary Neighbors) Hopefulness over the market restructuring of Russia wiped out with the crash of August 1998, when the ruble depreciated by 70 percent of its value and banks could not settle the debts and endorse currency contracts. In contradiction to the reform assurances by Yeltsin, the Russian economy of the 1990s more closely resembled a Soviet model than a market driven one. (The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia) "
Abstract This paper examines the monetary policy of the Bank of Canada (BoC), explaining that it clearly believes in the importance of integrating and managing the Canadian economy vis-a-vis its integrated relationship with the global economic framework. The paper explains that the BoC's policy towards economic and currency management is centered on balancing its internaleconomic attributes; i.e. inflation, with those of its externally related economic functions; i.e. its exchange rate. The BoC has identified energy, and specifically petroleum, as central to both internal and external economic health and discusses its role in this regard at length.
Abstract This paper explores the growth and success of multinational organizations today. The paper then discusses the need for a company to be aware of the language, culture, politics and laws of the country it is expanding into. The paper also explains the law of comparative costs in international trade, how the international financial market works, the factors that have affected the process of economic globalization and the role of strategic planning in international business. The paper predicts that the future of international business is bright.
Outline:
Abstract
The International Business Imperative
Culture and International Business
National Trade and Investment Policies Politics and Laws
The Theory of International Trade and Investment
The InternationalEconomic Activity of the Nation: The Balance of Payments
International Financial Markets
Economic Integration
Market Transitions and Development
International Business Research
International Business Entry
Multinational Corporations
Strategic Planning in International Business
International Marketing
International Services
International Logistics and Supply-Chain Management
Multinational Financial Management
Countertrade
International Accounting and Taxation
International Human Resource Management
Organization, Implementation, and Control of International Operations, and their Future
From the Paper "Revolutionary changes in technologies have provided the mechanisms that propel the growth of international business. The intensification of competition at both domestic and international levels has driven firms to look beyond their domestic markets for new opportunities. The progressive removal of barriers to trade and capital movements has stimulated greater flows of exports, imports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Multinational enterprises have emerged as the key agents of international economic co-ordination. They provide the capability to generate innovations and deliver new goods and services to the market; they also provide the capability to exploit these technological advances at a global level; and they are a depiction of the capacity of international managerial co-ordination to operate efficiently across international boundaries. Furthermore, the growing economic strength of the newly-industrializing countries (e.g. Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea) and the opening up of China and Eastern Europe have provided an additional stimulus to international business activities (Wei)."
