Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of excessive force used by police officers, a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. The alternative to excessive force that the paper presents is intermediate force, which allows officers to capture suspects with the least amount of injury when force is required and ensure their own safety as well. The paper concludes that training and monitoring of law enforcement officers in the intermediate use of force, weaponry, and tactics will provide all police departments with more positive outcomes and ensure that the safety and protection of the society is achieved successfully. The paper includes detailed tables showing examples of force used and charts of assailant/officer action, mapping out the legitimate amount of force to be used.

From the Paper
"In 2002 the city of Detriot, Michigan underwent an investigation regarding police use of force and found that no definitions of force or the procedures that specified types of force were found in the city regulations ("Investigation", 2002, sec. 1). This led to multiple cases of excessive force that were reported to the city, civil rights organizations and the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan. In addressing these concerns, the city attorney advised that the police department of Detroit develop stages of force that were applied to different situations, with intermediate force being a vital inclusion in those stages ("Investigations", 2002, sec. 1). The city attorney stated that intermediate force was significant because it allowed police to use chemical sprays and weapons other than guns as a means of maintaining peace and ensuring that arrests were made."

Tags:violence, crime, apprehension, arrest, officer, criminal, offense, law, enforcement

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth examination of the issue of force used by police officers, which has been a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. According to the paper, in most cases police managers have the ability of selecting their own rules in relation to force that is used. However, the general standard is that police officers use force that is appropriate to the situation. This leads to subjective views on force and creates issues within the police department of the country that require attention.

From the Paper
"The issue of force used by police officers has been a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. In most cases police managers have the ability of selecting their own rules in relation to force that is used, however, the general standard is that police officers use force that is appropriate to the situation. This leads to subjective views on force and creates issues within the police department of the country that require attention. While most police officers are not tasked with using any form of force, there is an alternative to excessive force when force is required by police..."

Tags:police, force, issue

Abstract
This paper discusses how the same leadership principles and skills that have been used to turn inefficient private organizations and military units into flourishing and effective ones can be used to transform police departments into dynamic and successful environments. It describes how many ineffective police practices have evolved and what must be done to change these management practices. It also looks at various leadership styles and how new policies can be implemented.

Outline
Introduction
Police Leadership Practices
Changes in Leadership Practices
Leadership Styles
Situational Leadership
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Police department officials play a large role in implementing new leadership practices. They must learn the basic leadership skills, such as patience, understanding, fairness, and judgment, and recognize that leadership is a crucial aspect of successful management. In addition, they must learn to let go of past and dated practices, such as public criticism, tactlessness, and unfairness, which are detrimental to police departments today. While many police leaders perceive themselves as being tough and authoritative, they must show consideration, caring, and loyalty to their employees. These are the values that produce positive results, including a higher degree of employee motivation and morale, and ultimately, more effective organizations."

Tags:military, units, principles, practices

Abstract
This paper discusses requirements for proficient training of police managers. It looks at the expectations of the organization and the community, and how changes in management thinking are needed to adapt to current policing methods.

From the Paper
"The efficient training of police managers is difficult for several reasons. Training Officers report a great deal of variability in terms of quality relevance and timing of training, a lack of interactive skills training and the education system operates out of different locations, though there is a central control unit far removed from the actual workplace. Entry level officers are certified in basic law enforcement skills but mid and senior-level management training is lacking in many places. (Mahoney) The need for mid-level management training has only been recognized in the..."

Tags:police training, management, community, expectations, policing

Abstract
The paper discusses the use of force by police from the perspective of individual police, police management and the community.

From the Paper
"Power to use force is regarded by many as one of the most important and challenging aspects of the police role. Wansbrough pointed out that while there are few who would question the necessity of such a power in contemporary policing, the police use of force is often the subject of controversy as well as scrutiny by human rights groups, the media and the public at large. The power to use force creates any number of ethical, procedural and legal..."

Tags:police, use of force

Abstract
This essay reviews James Skolnick's and James Fyfe's "Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force". It discusses the authors' examination of police excessive force and police brutality. In their view, the answer to this problem lies in better accountability. The paper adds a sociological perspective, arguing that police excessive force is related to the phenomenon of social control. The existence of prisons, for instance, necessitate police excessive force, since social elites have a need to criminalize a certain portion of the population.

Abstract
The paper explores the view that extreme force by police has become necessary in many cases and is therefore justified in the light of a changing threat to public safety and security. On the other hand, the paper also discusses the opinion that lethal force can also be abused and can therefore transgress human rights and ethical boundaries that are acceptable to society. The paper provides an extensive literature review on lethal force and its justification and comes to the conclusion that while laws, policies, and codes of ethical behavior are important in maintaining a balance use of force in a society, these cannot cover or deal with every situation. The paper also notes that unless the use of lethal force is justified and unless this justification is seen to be ethically viable and acceptable to the society and to human rights organizations, society will not function in a balanced and democratic manner.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction and general overview of the issues
Rationale and central thesis
Understanding the problematics of legal and moral justification
Definitions of lethal or deadly force
Circumstances and the justification of extreme force
Ethical justification and the human rights
Conclusion: summation and analysis

From the Paper
"The issue of moral and ethical justification for the use of deadly force by the police has created a wide-ranging and intense debate over many disciplines. The central problematic in this debate lies in an ambiguity that has ethical and moral dimensions. In term of the contract that exists between the state, police force and society, the police are the guardians of moral and ethical standards pertaining to peace and order in the society. When lethal force is used in the carrying out of police duty, this brings this contract into contention. This in turn posits an ethical dilemma. In using such deadly force, the police are often perceived as transgressing certain moral and ethical parameters. The justification for these actions therefore becomes a crucial factor in the maintenance of the positive relationship between the police and society."

Tags:human, rights, crimes, shooting, society, terrorism, De, Menezes

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the United States, laws get enforced by police agencies from cities, states, and the federal government. To be able to enforce laws and make arrests, police officers have the authority to use force. The writer notes that in some situations, they can use deadly force. However, there are strict rules for applying force in policing. The writer discusses that the type of force used must be right for the right circumstances. Using the wrong kind of force or too much force can make the city or state responsible for damage to the arrested person, even when he is guilty and needed to be arrested. It can also make the police agency and the officer personally responsible. The writer concludes that police officers are allowed to use force, but they must use the right type of force for every situation.

Outline:
Introduction
The Use of Force Continuum
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many times, other methods are supposed to be used first on the UOFC before strong hands on methods. Police officers on patrol usually have a spray such as pepper spray or mace and they can use these sprays instead of going from verbal commands or light hands on to strong hands on. This level on the UOFC is good for officers if there are more people than officers and also where the person is much bigger or stronger than the officer. Before officers are allowed to use spray methods, they have to take a course for spray certification and part of the course is getting sprayed so they will know how people react to it and how much is too much spray."

Tags:enforce, arrests, policing, rules

Abstract
This paper is an argument essay arguing that police brutality is unwarranted, and that police should be prohibited from engaging in it except when witnessing a murder or terrorist act.

From the Paper
"Police brutality is a serious and ongoing problem. The police must be prohibited from using excessive force except in very rare circumstances, for instance, a suspect committing a murder or an act of terrorism. Police officers engaging in unjustified brutality or murder should be convicted and imprisoned just like any other citizen committing a similar crime. The use of inappropriate force on the part of police officers is not a new phenomenon. On the contrary, inappropriate force-including brutality and even murder-has been associated with law enforcement..."

Tags:police brutality, San Francisco, unwarranted force, argument

Abstract
This paper presents an investigational analysis to determine how much force is considered excessive, thus qualifying as police brutality and whether or not police brutality is persisting unchecked within the United States. It validates the concept that police officers act more out of tyranny and excessive power than out of a genuine concern for the needs of the people.

From the Paper
"Police brutality, or the excessive use of force by police officers to contain common citizens, is on the rise in the United States. More and more innocent victims are losing their lives as a result of police officers and agents that are under trained and trapped in an ancient mind-frame, which dictates that the role of the police officer is to capture the bad guy rather than protect the innocent citizen. Police officers working in agencies in modern society far too often feel the need to establish authority and superiority by harming citizens rather than by acting as guardians and representatives of the people of this country."

Tags:victims, power, abuse