Abstract
This paper examines how the divisions rooted in race, gender and sexuality are consistently used in our society to maintain a level of profitability and also to create obvious divisions among the social classes. It looks at how the American society is based on a form of patriarchy which means that a society is principally ruled or dominated by males throughout all levels of society and in our society's case -- white males. It evaluates how discrimination has become institutionalized in the United States and how in the eyes of minorities, social inequality equates to discrimination.

From the Paper
"Negative stereotypes support these social inequalities' We learn the subtext of our culture's messages early. By five years of age, says Margo Monteith, Ph.D., many children have definite and entrenched stereotypes about blacks, women, and other social groups. Adds Monteith, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky: "Children don't have a choice about accepting or rejecting these conceptions, since they're acquired well before they have the cognitive abilities or experiences to form their own beliefs." And no matter how progressive the parents, they must compete with all the forces that would promote and perpetuate these stereotypes: peer pressure, mass media, the actual balance of power in society."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, minorities, patriarchy, stereotypes

Abstract
This essay argues the thesis that citizenship in western industrialized democracies such as Canada is based upon the institutionalization of inequality whereby migrant labour is sought to meet the labor reproduction needs of industry and business and citizenship rights are restricted to limit any demands these groups may make on state revenues and businesses. From this perspective, the writer maintains that inequality in terms of migration - whether on the grounds of race, gender or ethnicity - must be understood in how it serves the larger corporate interests of Canadian business and society.

Outline:
Introduction
Immigration as an Engine of the Economy
Structural Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Gender
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Thus, the labour force of Canada was not biologically reproducing itself on a generational basis by the later decades of the twentieth century. In order to meet this shortfall, the Government of Canada resorted to immigration to supply a labour force to meet the demands of the Canadian economy. These demands are complex, for the Labour Force Reproduction model indicates that the economy needs a labour supply not only in terms of production but also to consume the goods produced. As a result, in the years in which the Canadian fertility rates were declining, after 1956 the Canadian immigration levels were increasing. From 1954 to 1992 Canada accepted 5.7 million immigrants. These immigrants fulfilled a wide number of economic roles in Canadian society, from contributing as business class immigrants and supplying entrepreneurial investment funds, to those who work in the commercial and corporate sectors. In addition, we must not forget the significant numbers of immigrants who worked as unpaid labour - often women - and so subsidized the paid labour force in Canada."

Tags:immigrants, welfare, capitalist, labor, force

Abstract
The paper reveals the results of surveys that illustrate how many believe racism to be a prevalent problem in their environments. The paper addresses the issue of racial profiling and how racism has shifted to whoever is visibly different in appearance. In addition, the paper demonstrates how institutionalized both racism and economic inequities are. The paper contends that while there are no solutions to racism as a mentality, we have to eliminate the institutional uses of racism, such as racial profiling.

Outline:
Introduction
The Prevalence of Racism in the United States
The Problem of Profiling
Causes of Racism
Economic Inequality
Solutions to Racism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"We present the following survey evidence to demonstrate the prevalence and extent of racism in the United States. The interesting thing about these survey results is that most people are not talking about being exposed to racism, but are inherently convinced that racism in America still exists to a large extent. The population breakdowns vary in percentage that believe racism exists, but the figures are high across the board, and if we are to rely on the authority of the opinion of the American people in this regard, we can see by percentage of the prevalence of racism in the United States according to extensive survey answer to the following three questions."

Tags:African, Americans, minorities, profiling, bias

Abstract
This paper examines how gender inequality is present on an institutional level based on the implications of the glass ceiling effect and work-family conflict. The paper also scrutinizes the systems in society that reinforce gender inequality, such as law and policy, and asserts that gender inequality is more than an individual problem or a personal prejudice. The paper explains that the work-family conflict and glass ceiling effect are just the very few examples that demonstrate how gender inequality is embedded into the systems of society, rather than merely an individual problem or personal prejudice. The argument in this paper is supported by an array of empirical research, concluding that by adapting to this institutional perspective and inclusive lens of viewing gender inequality, we can become change agents to dismantle oppression.

Outline:
Institutions
Work-Family Conflict
Glass Ceiling Concept
Summary
References

From the Paper
"Women's participation in the labor has risen in the past decade. "In 2002, more than 60% of women age 20 years and older were engaged in paid labor; their participation having risen 13% over the course of the preceding 20 years" (Winslow 2005: 727). Such an increase of women in the workplace is an implication that our society has grown to accept women in the labor market. Despite such social change, we still live in a biased society where its institutions are configured by cultural norms that confine women (Blair-Loy 2004). This is demonstrated through the work-family conflict concept, which asserts the idea that balancing work and domestic responsibilities may be problematic and especially for women (Winslow 2005)."

Tags:Work-family, conflict, glass, ceiling, effect

Abstract
The paper asserts that while the Constitution guarantees freedoms for all in this country no matter what race an individual may be, all too often, these Constitutional ideals have been skewed to promote racism and inequality. The paper argues that the criminal justice system and the welfare state have been part of this governmental network and have been addressed by the LatCrit theory, critical race theory, and race feminism perspectives. The paper then discusses how fortunately, the governmental hegemony that existed in the past may be making a turn for the better through anti-racism concepts.

From the Paper
"The Constitution guarantees freedoms for all in this country no matter what race an individual may be, however, all too often, these Constitutional ideals have been skewed to promote racism and inequality. The criminal justice system and the welfare state have been part of this..."

Tags:government, constitution, race

Abstract
The paper relates that Hispanics in America have, since colonization by the Europeans first began, been fighting for some vestige of their true cultural identity. The paper discusses how the long institutionalized prejudice towards Hispanic populations in America has been a collective hardship in terms of both integration and quality of life. The paper describes the Hispanic population's unity and conformity to Anglo society.

Outline:
Introduction
What is Mexican?
Effect on Unity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The question of Mexican (Hispanic) identity is as politically charged as it is culturally anchored. Yet, this dynamic is a reflection of the identity crisis of the Hispanic itself: is it politically based in a policy of perpetual search for redress or is it a cultural identity in perpetual search for itself? Hispanics in America have, since colonization by the Europeans first began, been fighting for some vestige of their true cultural identity always, it seems, against the various bureaucratic and social mechanisms meant to dissociate them from themselves put in place by white America: "The greatest misfortunes of Spanish America are to be traced to the fatal error of placing these colored races on an equality with the white race""

Tags:Latino, Spanish, America, cultural, identity, prejudice, conformity, unity

Abstract
This paper examines the paradoxes of multicultural Toronto, which claims to prize its immigrants on the one hand yet often seems to treat them inequitably and dismissively on the other hand. The paper presents a critical examination of the literature on inequality as perceived through the lens of migration, further examining this situation. The paper further argues that citizenship in western industrialized democracies such as Canada is based upon the institutionalization of inequality whereby migrant labor is sought to meet the labor needs of industry and business, while citizenship rights are restricted.

From the Paper
"One of the paradoxes of living in multicultural Toronto, a city built upon the labour of successive waves of immigrants, is that a society that rhetorically prizes its immigrants on the one hand often seems to treat them inequitably and dismissively on the other hand. This being said, a critical examination of the literature on inequality (of race, gender and ethnicity) as perceived through the lens of migration reveals that this "paradox" is not a "perception" or a social accident but a structural..."

Tags:canada, inequality, immigration

Abstract
Argues against institutionalizing single-sex marriages. Discusses societal views on legally sanctioned homosexual union. Benefits and problems for single-sex partners. Civil inequality involved. Changes in marriage over the years. Need to protect traditional marriage. Denfense of current marriage laws. Dangers of widening the definition of marriage structure.

From the Paper
"This research provides a counterargument to advocacy of gay marriage. The research will set forth the cultural context in which the issue has arisen in recent years and then discuss reasons that prevent acceptance that institutionalizing gay marriage is either necessary to or desirable for the integrity or the benefit of American civil society.
An Associated Press poll conducted in 2000 found that by a thin majority (51%), Americans are opposed to single-sex marriage; 34% are said to approve of such marriages, while 41% are said to approve of single-sex "domestic partnerships." More than 50% of the poll sample supported the rights of homosexual couples to receive insurance, Social Security, and inheritance benefits from their partners (Barillas, 2001). Numbers may not suit the strongest advocates of gay marriage, but significant ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of racism on the emotional well-being of African-Americans, particularly those in high school and those who participate in sports. First, the paper discusses racism and explains daily incidences of it, including smaller ones which can be microstressors. Then, the paper addresses when stereotypes become racism. Additionally, the paper analyzes the concept of in-groups and out-groups, and how this contributes to prejudice. The dual messages of equality and inequality that are prevalent in American society are also considered as they apply to racism. The paper concludes by stating that as long as ethnic identity remains a source of confusion, shame, and hostility, the growth of the individual is thwarted.

From the Paper
"During school days life expands to include many new contrasts. As part of natural development, classmates begin to reinforce the idea of group differences and how to become a member of the in-group (Sandhu & Aspy, 1997). Examples of an in-group include the athletes, or the nerds. Part of the reason that many black students become athletes is to gain the popularity. Another reason is that they feel as though society expects black people to play sports and to excel at them. People tend to feel more comfortable among members of their group, and there are many black people who are athletes. Because of this feeling of group identification, people tend to believe that the group to which they belong is the best group. The separation begins when one seeks to boost the individual group's standings by trashing members of other groups. Being different then becomes associated with being bad in the mind (Canada & the World Backgrounder, 1996), and racism can become ingrained (Glover, 1999).
In the stage of adulthood, the person has learned to generalize about other groups. For example, we might find ourselves accepting the notion that all Chinese students are whizzes at math and science, or that all blacks are great dancers and athletes..."

Tags:life satisfaction, adulthood, self-esteem, institutionalized racism

Abstract
This paper discusses the sensitive issue of pay inequality between men and woman. The writer shows that despite laws passed as far back as 1963, a relatively large gap still exists, and the highest percentage is during peak earning ages (25-54 years old). The paper examines the factors that have contributed to this earning gap and also discusses programs which have been institutionalized in an attempt to decrease the inequality in earning between genders.

From the Paper
"In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau."

Tags:gender, discrimination, employment, sex