Abstract
This paper provides a scientific and informative look at the condition of insomnia, the subjective difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or of non-restorative sleep. It discusses the three causes of insomnia, secondary insomnia due to chronic pain, idiopathic insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep disorders, which include jet lag syndrome, delayed sleep phase syndrome and irregular sleep/wake patterns. Through an extensive literature review and personal accounts, the paper analyzes their signs and symptoms together with known treatments and cures.

From the Paper
"Even though newer drugs may be more superior, they also have dangerous side effects. In 1986 the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology published an article of chemical drug use. In this study researchers found that drugs used to for treating pain may have undesirable side effects, which include: becoming addictive, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. According to this study Benzodiazepens deplete the neurotransmitter serotonin, adding to depression and pain. The also incite that if taken over an eight week period the patients will increase in anger and hostility."

Tags:capstone, sleep, pain

Abstract
This paper focuses on the background and possible root causes of insomnia, a sleep disorder. The paper explains that this negative cognitive activity is exemplified by individuals that have poor sleep patterns, inability to sleep, or are unable to sleep during long periods. Insomnia has plagued individuals, especially college students as grounds for being anti-social, excessive stress and/or burnout, and indecisiveness. The paper note that the majority of college students inundated with high workloads, expectations, and rigorous commitment to excel have suffered with insomnia. Research studies have flooded for measuring outcomes of this psychiatric disorder.

From the Paper
"Insomnia, a negative cognitive activity, is exemplify individuals that has poor sleep patterns, inability to sleep and/or unable to sleep during long periods. Insomnia has plagued individuals, especially college students as grounds for being anti-social, excessive stress and/or burnout, and indecisiveness. A majority of college students inundated with high workloads, expectations and rigorous commitment to excel have suffered with insomnia. Research studies have flooded for measuring outcomes of this psychiatric disorder. Various factors have been introduced such as ..."

Tags:sleep, awake, cannot, pattern, disorder

Abstract
This seven-page freshman paper describes the symptoms of chronic insomnia, and gives some alternative remedies like behavioral therapy to treat depression related insomnia, noting that prescription drugs can cause further problems.

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into secondary insomnia, a mental disorder that is common in the presence of chronic pain and examines how painkillers such as Benzodizepens, which are minor tranquilizers, are frequently used to control pain. It proposes a research study to test the hypothesis that cognitive therapy combined with painkillers is the best therapy for subjects experiencing insomnia secondary to chronic pain. The study is also designed to compare the effects of the cognitive therapy group with the drug therapy group to see if cognitive therapy can be used as a substitute to drugs.

From the Paper
"A survey conducted by the Partners Against Pain, an educational program sponsored by Purdue Pharma, reports one third of people polled suffering from chronic pain feel it is so severe and debilitating they feel they cannot function as normal people, and sometimes the pain is so bad they feel they do not want to live. Forty percent of people suffering from chronic pain are not comfortable talking about their pain, and thirty seven percent say that their pain leaves them isolated with feelings of loneliness. Fifty six percent of surveyed patients report that pain interference with sleep ranks number one in effecting their daily life."

Tags:chronic, disorder, pain, drugs

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the disorder of insomnia, the inability to sleep or the feeling that sleep is not adequate to give the body energy during the day. It discusses the difficulties in diagnosis as there is no proven clinical test and many clinical variations exist among patients and how it is often associated with another underlying condition. It provides details of common treatments and describes how medications to increase seratonin levels have been effective as has cognitive therapy and many complimentary treatments, such as yoga, in treating insomnia.

From the Paper
"The diagnosis of insomnia is subjective. There are many different forms and severity levels of insomnia. There are differences in how people react to insomnia as well. Some people are unable to function with a mild case of insomnia, while others can function quite normally with a very severe case of insomnia. These individual differences make it difficult to diagnose insomnia. Some people may sleep a full 8 or 9 hours and still feel as if they have not slept at all. People go through many different stages and levels of sleep throughout the night. The deepest stage of sleep is called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. If a person sleeps, but is unable to experience REM sleep, they will wake up feeling sleep deprived (Kryger, et al. p. 637). There is no truly clinical test to measure insomnia. "

Tags:seratonin, levels, energy, stress, physical, psychological, conditions, neurologic, diseases

Abstract
This paper analyzes the different forms of insomnia - transient, acute and chronic. It discusses the many possible causes, including: physical (muscle pain, headache, nasal congestion, diet, heat, cold), mental and emotional (depression, stress, anxiety) and the probable effects - decreased efficiency and productivity , increased absenteeism and risks of accidents. The paper also suggests cures for this condition: herbal and homeopathic remedies, yoga, conventional medication - antihistamines, sedatives. The writer claims that the ultimate approach to chronic insomnia lies within the person and his understanding of himself.

From the Paper
"Primary insomnia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the difficulty of initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep of the non-restorative type for at least a month.(Espie 2002) Insomnia is transient when it lasts only for a few days to a few weeks, as when some temporary event or physical condition is responsible, such as an illness, changes in sleeping environment, work or family stress or jet lag. The cause or causes will pass or can be disposed of directly But when the disorder occurs between a month and six months, it is called acute insomnia, and beyond six months, it is chronic. This type is distinguished from the "psychophysiologic insomnia in wakefulness, the circadian rhythm disorder in time alignment, the parasomnias and secondary insomnias. Insomnia that is more than transient cannot be effectively eliminated or remedied immediately or on the surface. The underlying root cause must be discovered and dealt with directly. This is because the body's normal sleep pattern is disturbed when sleep becomes difficult or absent for more than a month, and the body adjusts to this new and irregular or poor pattern. Sedatives or some other approaches may address and calm the symptoms, but the sleeplessness will resurface only until the true cause is discovered and eliminated. Chronic insomnia is defined as "the subjective experience of an inadequate quantity or quality of sleep that has persisted for at least one month." (qtd in Rajput Oct 1 1999: 1) "

Tags:sleep, disorders, sedatives, yoga, homeopathy, psychophysiological, parasomnia, rem

Abstract
This paper describes the cognitive disorder - insomnia, used to describe individuals who have poor sleep patterns, or are unable to sleep for long periods. The paper details two studies carried out on senior level undergraduates aged between 20-22, explaining the design of the study and correlation of the results.

Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Design
Non-experimental/Correlational Design
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Participants in the study were all senior level undergraduates age range 20-22 obtaining 12 credits or higher in their 1st semester. The participants were males and females living in same sex dormitories. Questionnaires were distributed during the 2nd semester junior year in order to select the most stressful students in their senior year. Selections were made and 50 males and 80 females selected that also had employment. The questionnaire explain the criteria of insomnia as such, for example, "How many hours of sleep do you think you get every night," "How many credit hours have you registered for in your senior 1st semester," "What is your gender," "Do you indulge in any recreational drugs," "Do you suffer from any mental ailments, i.e., depression, anxiety attacks, anti-social effects, etc.,'" and "Are you currently taking any prescribed medication." These answers will assist with defining insomnia as a chronic problem or whether a few spells have arose and dissipated from the students.
Clark (1999) "proposed six processes that impede natural
self-correction of anxiety; safety-seeking behaviors,
attentional deployment, spontaneous imagery, emotional
reasoning, memory processes, and the nature of the threat
representation" (Clark, 1999, p. S5).
In terms of GTM, participants characterized with chronic insomnia (CI), through the questionnaire, will be paired with the participant with less insomnia (LI) criteria. GTM was conducted for one-hour sessions, which met twice of week for the duration of the 1st semester (18 weeks). During the session, CI expressed the concerns about school workload, their GPA, scholarship induced criteria, chronic joint pain or migraines, poor concentration, roommates, teachers, and employment. LI expressed the majority of the same concerns except for poor concentration and chronic joint pain or migraines and reported that they would carve out specific days (Wednesday, Friday and Sundays) to sleep in."

Tags:wakefulness, assessment, depression, anxiety

Abstract
This paper presents some alternative remedies, such as behavioral therapy, to treat depression related insomnia. The author notes that prescription drugs can cause further problems.

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the medical condition of insomnia with treatments that are medical in nature against those that are applied to the psyche. The focus of this paper is on the psychological treatments, which range from being extremely conventional to the more outlandish treatments, although the more conventional sleeping pills are discussed.

Abstract
The paper looks at how Johnson (1991) stated that the average individual sleeps for one third of their lives (p. 135). The paper discusses how when enough sleep is not realized many changes in the person can occur and these changes may include such factors as "irritability, increased pain sensitivity, decreased daytime alertness and apathy" (Johnson, 1991, p. 135). Yet, the paper looks at how Johnson (1991) also indicates that as people age their decline in physical "functioning" and mental alertness is severely impacted by a lack of sleep because this may lead to "falls, burns, automobile accidents and institutionalization" (p. 135). The paper explains that Johnson (1991) contends that when people reach the age of sixty they are more inclined to awaken at least one time per night (p. 136), and, by the age of seventy it is known that people will take longer to fall asleep (Johnson, 1991, p. 136).

Tags:nursing, health, care